Preliminary Study of Variable Rate Application – Organic Liquid Fertilizer by Using SPAD Chlorophyll Meter on System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Cultivation

Knowing actual nutrient requirements for rice plants is crucial in supplying the correct amount of fertilizer, especially nitrogen since nitrogen is one of the most key limiting nutrients in rice cultivation. A preliminary study of variable rate application (VRA) on System of Rice Intensification (SRI) planting by using organic foliar fertilizer was carried out to determine the effectiveness of precision fertilization. Foliar fertilizer was formulated based on actual nitrogen needed by rice plants using Soil-Plant Analyses Development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter measurements. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four treatments (50% fixed rate, 100% fixed rate, 150% fixed rate and VRA) and four replications for each treatment. Plant growth performances (plant heights, number of tillers, number of panicle and flower) and yield performances (grain yield, number of grain, 1000-grain weight and number of spikelets) were recorded during the study. The results showed that foliar application of VRA resulted in significantly higher yield performances; grain yield (13.65 g), number of grain (807.50), 1000-grain weight (16.79 g), and number of spikelets (7.50) compared to uniform fertilizer applications. VRA treatments had the highest SPAD readings at every planting stage during the experiment; however, a high nitrogen supply was needed during the mid-tillering stages (35 DAT) compared to other fertilizer rates. Besides, VRA application shows the most savings in term of total nitrogen supply (415 µg) compared to uniform rates application; 50% fixed rate (400 µg), 100% fixed rate (810 µg), and 150% fixed rate (1210 µg).     

集约化种植条件下土壤硝态氮动态变化及累积特征研究

选取江阴市沿江平原地区的3种典型农业种植区,即大棚葡萄集约化种植基地、蔬菜集约化种植基地和常规种植农田为研究对象,通过田间现场采样分析的方法研究了不同种植方式下土壤剖面硝态氮含量的动态变化和累积特征.结果表明,葡萄种植基地0-100 cm各土层硝态氮含量随时间的变化波动较大,而蔬菜种植基地和常规种植农田的表层土壤硝态氮含量变化幅度大于深层土壤;3种典型种植区的土壤硝态氮含量均呈现随着土层深度的增加而逐渐减小的趋势,其中土壤硝态氮含量最大值出现在葡萄种植基地的20-40 cm土层中;葡萄种植基地各土层硝态氮平均累积量均高于蔬菜种植基地和常规种植农田,大棚葡萄集约化种植基地0-00 cm土层硝态氮平均累积总量高达400.96 kg/hm2,显著高于蔬菜集约化种植基地和常规种植农田的累积总量,这进一步表明不合理过量追肥导致土壤中硝态氮大量累积,增大了氮素淋失和地下水环境污染的风险.     

基于光谱技术的水稻叶片氮素测定仪的开发

在理论分析的基础上设计开发了一套基于光谱技术的水稻叶片SPAD值和氮素测定仪。该测定仪主要包括光路部分、调理电路和控制与数据采集器等。光路部分包括光源、检测点以及光电传感器等元器件,主要作用是：控制光源的亮灭、收集透过叶片光线、将光信号转换为电信号;调理电路主要将所得微弱电信号进行电流电压转换以及放大到合适的幅度;控制与数据采集器包括AD转换电路,液晶显示电路和SD卡存储电路。对该测定仪的性能进行了测试,试验分为两步：先建立AD采样电压信号与SPAD值之间的模型,然后建立SPAD值与氮素之间的模型。经过大量的试验测得：传感器转换的电压信号与SPAD值之间存在很高的相关性（R2 =0.956）,SPAD值与氮含量建立的模型的决定系数为R2 =0.802,结合以上两种模型得到该仪器的氮素模型的决定系数为R2 =0.766。该仪器适合用于田间水稻叶片氮素含量的快速测量。     

海水养殖废水浇灌下不同盐生经济植物生理特征及其比较

采用大田试验,研究了无施肥条件下海水浇灌(对照)、1∶1海水养殖废水(1∶1养殖废水处理)、全海水养殖废水(全养殖废水处理)处理以及施肥条件下海水浇灌(施肥处理)对海蓬子和碱蓬植株生长与生理特性的影响。结果表明:1∶1养殖废水处理的植株地上部干重(DW)显著高于对照,但全养殖废水处理植株地上部DW低于对照;施肥处理植株地上部DW明显高于所有对照和其他处理,随着生育期的延长,上述效应愈加明显,尤其体现在碱蓬植株上。与施肥处理相比,两配比养殖废水灌溉抑制了2种植物生长,降低了植株地上部氮磷(NP)含量、叶绿素含量(CHL)含量和可溶性蛋白(SP)含量,并随养殖废水配比上升而降低越显著;相反,2种植物细胞相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量却随着养殖废水配比的上升而升高,碱蓬的上升比海蓬子更为明显。与对照相比,1∶1养殖废水不同程度提高了2种植物DW、CHL含量、植株地上部NP含量、内肽酶、羧肽酶、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及过氧化物酶(POD)活性以及SP和游离氨基酸(FAA)含量;并且,随着养殖废水配比的上升,2种植物以上各指标却不同程度地下降。综上所述,1∶1养殖废水处理可有效促进2种植物叶绿素合成,提高SOD、POD活性,降低MDA积累量,减少细胞膜受损,进而加快植株生长,增加NP吸收。2种植物相比,碱蓬对海水养殖废水浓度的生理响应较海蓬子敏感。1∶1养殖废水处理可很大程度上替代肥料的施用,从而降低环境污染。     

密度、氮肥互作对旱砂田西瓜产量、品质及氮肥利用率的影响

为了探明旱砂田西瓜产量、品质及氮肥利用率同步提高的最佳施氮量和种植密度,制定合理的栽培措施,本试验以中晚熟品种陇抗九号为试材,在砂田条件下设置了3个种植密度(9525、12120、16680株/hm2)和4个施氮水平(0、100、200、300 kg/hm2),研究了氮密互作对西瓜产量、品质和氮素利用率的影响.结果表明,种植密度和施氮量均显著影响西瓜产量及品质,但两者互作效应不显著,两因素中密度是导致产量变化的主导因素,西瓜产量为高密度＞中密度＞低密度,高密度处理的平均西瓜产量较中、低密度分别显著提高了23.46％和45.58％;而施氮量对西瓜品质的调控具有显著作用,施氮量在0～200 kg/hm2范围内,西瓜产量及品质随施氮量的增加而提高,之后有下降趋势,N200处理的西瓜含糖量较N0和N300分别显著提高了1.43％和1.92％,Vc含量分别提高了13.09％和8.42％.西瓜产量提高引起氮肥偏生产力和氮肥吸收利用率的协同提高.综合考虑产量、品质和氮素利用率等因素,在本试验条件下,砂田全膜覆盖栽培西瓜的适宜种植密度为16680株/hm2、适宜的施氮量为200kg/hm2,其西瓜产量、含糖量及氮肥吸收利用率分别为61754 kg/hm2、10.59％和22.29％.     

灌溉与非灌溉条件下黄淮冬麦区不同追氮时期农田土壤氨挥发损失研究

采用通气法研究了灌溉与非灌溉条件下黄淮冬麦区农田氨挥发损失.结果表明,非灌溉条件下,麦田追肥氮的氨挥发主要发生在施肥后的5～25d内,追氮时期由起身期(SE,GS30)推迟到拔节期(JT,GS32),追肥氮的氨挥发速率峰值增大且出现时间提前;继续推迟至孕穗期(BT,GS41),氨挥发速率峰值减小.SE、JT和BT三个追氮时期的氨挥发损失量分别占追肥氮的24.84％～25.32％、25.42％～25.50％和14.77％～16.62％.灌溉(60mm)条件,不论何时追氮,麦田追肥氮氨挥发速率均变化较小,氨挥发损失量在N 0.40～0.55 kg/hm2之间,仅占追肥氮的0.36％～0.49％.非灌溉条件,氨挥发速率与0-10 cm土层土壤铵态氮浓度呈极显著的正相关关系;灌溉条件,氨挥发速率与10-20 cm土壤浓度呈极显著的正相关关系.土壤温度和降水是影响氨挥发的重要因素.此外,氨挥发还与农田土壤表面的通气状况有关,多穗型小麦品种更有利于减少麦田氨挥发的损失.     

Dynamic relationships between soil properties and foliar disease as affected by annual additions of organic amendment to a sandy-soil vegetable production system

Additions of organic amendments to agricultural soils can lead to improved soil quality and reduced severity of crop diseases. However, the relationship between disease severity and soil properties as affected by repeated additions of these amendments is poorly understood. The primary objectives of this study were to (i) resolve multivariate relationships between soil properties and foliar disease severity and (ii) identify soil properties that contribute to disease severity in an intensive irrigated vegetable production system receiving annual additions of fresh and composted paper mill residuals (PMR). Foliar diseases caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae on snap bean (bacterial brown spot) and P. s. pv. lachrymans on cucumber (angular leaf spot) are the focus of this report. The experiment consisted of a 3-year crop rotation of potato (1998 and 2001), snap bean (1999 and 2002), and cucumber (2000). Treatments included a non-amended fertilizer control and two rates of fresh PMR, PMR composted alone (PMRC), and PMR composted with bark (PMRB). Soil measures included total soil carbon (TC) and nitrogen (TN), particulate organic matter carbon (POMC) and nitrogen (POMN), volumetric soil moisture (VM) and in situ NO₃-N. Multiple regression (MR) and principal component analyses (PCA) were conducted to identify key soil properties that influenced the amount of disease. On average, the amount of TC in plots amended with PMR composts increased 77-178% from 1999 to 2002 compared to the non-amended soils. In 1999, a year in which compost additions reduced the amount of bacterial brown spot of bean, TC explained 42% of the total variation in disease severity in the best MR model. Midseason TN alone was inversely related to angular leaf spot incidence in 2000, while POMN explained 51% of the variation in the best MR model for that year. In 2002, a year in which PMRC-amended soils exacerbated brown spot symptoms, midseason quantities of TN explained 80% of the variation in disease severity. Unique to 2002, NO₃-N alone positively correlated with disease severity. Overall, the influence of soil carbon on disease severity was displaced by the increasing importance of TN and NO₃-N, indicating a transition from a C-dependent to an N-dependent system.     

Animal treading stimulates denitrification in soil under pasture

The effects of animal treading on denitrification in a mixed ryegrass-clover pasture were studied. A single treading event of moderate or severe intensity was applied in plots during spring by using dairy cows at varying stocking rates (4.5 cows 100 m⁻² for 1.5 or 2.5 h, respectively). Treading caused a significant short-term 21 days) increase in denitrification. Denitrification rates reached a maximum of 52 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹ at 8 days after severe treading compared to 2.3 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ day⁻¹ under nil treading. Thereafter, denitrification rates declined, and were similar to non-trodden control plots after 28 days. Soil aeration, was significantly reduced by treading as expressed by water-filled porosity. In addition, soil NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N concentrations were also increased by treading. We propose that the underlying processes involved in increasing denitrification under treading were two-fold. Firstly, treading caused a temporary (e.g. 3 days after treading) reduction in soil aeration through soil physical damage, and secondly, reduced soil N utilisation prompted by reduced plant growth led to increased soil NH₄⁺-N and NO₃⁻-N availability. This study shows that treading, without the influence of other grazing animal factors (e.g. excretion), can cause a large short-term stimulation of denitrification in grass-clover pastures.     

Nitrogen Uptake and Its Association with Grain Yield in Lowland Rice Genotypes

ABSTRACT

Nitrogen is one of the most yield–limiting nutrients in lowland rice in Brazil. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years to evaluate nitrogen (N) uptake by five lowland rice genotypes and its association with grain yield. The nitrogen rate used was 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha^?1. The genotypes evaluated were CNAi 8886, CNAi 8569, BRSGO Guará, BRS Jaburu, and BRS Biguá. Grain yield and dry matter yield of shoot were significantly influenced by N rate. However, response varied from genotypes to genotypes. Genotype BRSGO Guará, BRS Bigua, and BRS Jaburu were having linear response, whereas genotypes CNAi 8886 and CNAi 8569 were having quadratic response with the N application rate in the range of 0 to 200 kg ha^?1. Overall, genotypes BRSGO Guará and CNAi 8886 were the best because they produced higher yield at low as well as at higher N rates. Nitrogen uptake in shoot was having quadratic relationship with grain yield, whereas nitrogen uptake in the grain was linearly associated with grain yield.     

MONOPOTASSIUM PHOSPHATE AS AN IN-SEASON FERTIGATION OPTION FOR POTATO

Monopotassium phosphate (MKP) is a potential option for fertigating phosphorus (P) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) when petioles are low in P and high in nitrogen (N); which is a situation where using ammonium polyphosphate (APP) could potentially result in excessive N application. Fertilizer trials were conducted in 2004–2006 with 0 or 56 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1 fertigated as either APP or MKP as a supplement to the pre-plant P (112 or 224 kg P₂O₅ ha^?1) broadcast applied to all plots. Supplemental P fertigation increased petiole P concentration, US No. 1 yield, and total yield over the control not receiving any in-season P fertilizer regardless of source. In addition, MKP increased tuber specific gravity. These results support previous studies showing that fertigated P can be used to increase potato yields when petiole P concentrations are low and that MKP is a viable substitute for APP fertilizer when fertigation is necessary.