2种氮源与双氰胺配施对温室芹菜氮素吸收和营养品质的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了2种不同氮源(尿素氮、农家肥氮)与硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)配施后对温室芹菜氮素吸收和营养品质的影响。结果表明:尿素(Urea)和腐熟牛粪(Dung)分别与DCD配施在一定程度上均可促进芹菜产量的提高和品质的改善,减少土壤中硝态氮含量,降低芹菜体内硝酸盐累积,显著提高氮素利用率。与单施肥料相比,Urea+DCD和Dung+DCD可使土壤中铵态氮含量增加22.71%~92.97%,硝态氮含量降低12.28%~56.73%;可使芹菜茎、叶吸氮量分别增加29.24%~74.89%,30.89%~66.33%,地上部氮素利用率分别提高到16.85%和30.30%。同时,Urea+DCD和Dung+DCD还可促进芹菜产量和株高的增加,但差异未达到显著性水平(P0.05)。芹菜体内硝酸盐含量则分别降低37.05%,17.18%(茎),25.21%和7.63%(叶),并且还能显著提高芹菜中可溶性糖、蛋白质、游离氨基酸和Vc含量。综合比较可知,尿素和DCD配施在减少氮素损失,降低芹菜体内硝酸盐含量以及提高营养品质方面的综合效果较佳。     

The role of potassium in alleviating detrimental effects of abiotic stresses in plants

Plants exposed to environmental stress factors, such as drought, chilling, high light intensity, heat, and nutrient limitations, suffer from oxidative damage catalyzed by reactive oxygen species (ROS), e.g., superoxide radical (O₂equation/tex2gif-sup-1.gif^–), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and hydroxyl radical (OHequation/tex2gif-sup-4.gif). Reactive O₂ species are known to be primarily responsible for impairment of cellular function and growth depression under stress conditions. In plants, ROS are predominantly produced during the photosynthetic electron transport and activation of membrane‐bound NAD(P)H oxidases. Increasing evidence suggests that improvement of potassium (K)‐nutritional status of plants can greatly lower the ROS production by reducing activity of NAD(P)H oxidases and maintaining photosynthetic electron transport. Potassium deficiency causes severe reduction in photosynthetic CO₂ fixation and impairment in partitioning and utilization of photosynthates. Such disturbances result in excess of photosynthetically produced electrons and thus stimulation of ROS production by intensified transfer of electrons to O₂. Recently, it was shown that there is an impressive increase in capacity of bean root cells to oxidize NADPH when exposed to K deficiency. An increase in NADPH oxidation was up to 8‐fold higher in plants with low K supply than in K‐sufficient plants. Accordingly, K deficiency also caused an increase in NADPH‐dependent O₂equation/tex2gif-sup-6.gif^– generation in root cells. The results indicate that increases in ROS production during both photosynthetic electron transport and NADPH‐oxidizing enzyme reactions may be involved in membrane damage and chlorophyll degradation in K‐deficient plants. In good agreement with this suggestion, increases in severity of K deficiency were associated with enhanced activity of enzymes involved in detoxification of H₂O₂ (ascorbate peroxidase) and utilization of H₂O₂ in oxidative processes (guaiacol peroxidase). Moreover, K‐deficient plants are highly light‐sensitive and very rapidly become chlorotic and necrotic when exposed to high light intensity. In view of the fact that ROS production by photosynthetic electron transport and NADPH oxidases is especially high when plants are exposed to environmental stress conditions, it seems reasonable to suggest that the improvement of K‐nutritional status of plants might be of great importance for the survival of crop plants under environmental stress conditions, such as drought, chilling, and high light intensity. Several examples are presented here emphasizing the roles of K in alleviating adverse effects of different abiotic stress factors on crop production.     

不同氮肥施用模式对日光温室生菜品质及土壤环境影响

研究不同的氮肥施用模式对日光温室生菜品质及土壤环境影响。结果表明:生菜生产应采用以基肥为主的施肥模式,蔬菜施肥两周后采收较安全。氮肥早施对蔬菜品质有利,也避免硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐大量积累,后期追肥过多过晚不利于蔬菜品质提高,也威胁蔬菜和土壤安全,蔬菜生长后期不宜过多追肥。     

Nursery‐Box Total Fertilization Technology (NBTF) Application for Increasing Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Chinese Irrigated Riceland: N–Soil Interactions

High N fertilizer and flooding irrigation applied to rice in anthropogenic‐alluvial soil often result in N leaching and low use efficiency of applied fertilizer N from the rice field in Ningxia irrigation region in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. Sound N management practices need to be established to improve N use efficiency while sustaining high grain yield levels and minimize fertilizer N loss to the environment. We investigated the effects of Nursery Box Total Fertilization technology (NBTF) on N leaching at different rice growing stages, N use efficiency and rice yield in 2010 and 2011. The four fertilizer N treatments were 300 kg N ha⁻¹ (CU, Conventional treatment of urea at 300 kg N ha⁻¹), 120 kg N ha⁻¹ (NBTF120, NBTF treatment of controlled‐release N fertilizer at 120 kg N ha⁻¹), 80 kgN ha⁻¹ (NBTF80, NBTF treatment of controlled‐release N fertilizer at 80 kg N ha⁻¹) and no N fertilizer application treatment (CK). The results showed that the NBTF120 treatment increased N use efficiency, maintained crop yields and substantially reduced N losses to the environment. Under the CU treatment, the rice yield was 9634 and 7098 kg ha⁻¹, the N use efficiency was 31·6% and 34·8% and the leaching losses of TN were 44·51 and 39·89 kg ha⁻¹; NH₄⁺‐N was 5·26 and 5·49 kg ha⁻¹, and NO₃⁻‐N was 27·94 and 26·22 kg ha⁻¹ during the rice whole growing period in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Compared with CU, NBTF120 significantly increased the N use efficiency and decreased the N losses from the paddy field. Under NBTF120, the N use efficiency was 56·3% and 51·4%, which was 24·7% and 16·6% higher than that of CU, and the conventional fertilizer application rate could be reduced by 60% without lowering the rice yield while decreasing the leaching losses of TN by 16·27 and 14·36 kg ha⁻¹, NH₄⁺‐N by 0·90 and 1·84 kg ha⁻¹, NO₃⁻‐N by 110·6 and 10·14 kg ha⁻¹ in 2010 and 2011, respectively. Our results indicate that the CU treatment resulted in relatively high N leaching losses, and that alternative practice of NBTF which synchronized fertilizer application with crop demand substantially reduced these losses. We therefore suggest the NBTF120 be a fertilizer application alternative which leads to high food production but low environmental impact. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of partial replacement of nitrate with different nitrogen forms on the yield,quality and nitrate content of Chinese kale

In this study, the yields, nutritional qualities and nitrate (NO₃) content of Chinese kale were studied with two cultivars, following partial replacement of nitrate (20%) with ammonium (NH₄), urea and glycine in hydroponics. The results showed that, compared with the full nitrate treatment, ammonium replacement increased the fresh weight by 18.1% and 8.0% of ‘Zaobao’ and ‘Lvbao’ cultivars respectively, whereas urea and glycine replacements decreased the biomass significantly. Adding different nitrogen (N) forms significantly improved the contents of vitamin C, soluble sugar, free amino acid, protein, soluble phenol and flavonoids in Chinese kale. Adding the three alternative N forms also reduced nitrate content significantly, in which glycine replacement was the lowest. According to the results obtained, different forms of N replacement could be used for different purposes. Glycine replacement could be the best alternative only to improve qualities, while ammonium replacement could be the best alternative to improve both the yield and qualities.     

稻秆碳氮在黑土种稻土壤颗粒有机质中的分配特征

颗粒有机质是土壤活性有机质的重要组成部分,是评估土壤有机质变化的敏感指标。东北地区气候寒冷,稻田土壤淹水期短,非淹水期长且多处于冻结状态,水稻秸秆碳氮在黑土不同种稻年限土壤颗粒有机质中的分配如何尚不清楚。通过室内培养试验,将1%双标记(¹³C/¹⁵N)水稻秸秆添加到不同种稻年限(0、12、35、62和85 a)土壤,淹水培养150 d(培养温度20℃,淹水层1 cm),去除淹水层后冻结培养150 d(培养温度–15℃,饱和水分状态),研究水稻秸秆碳(氮)在不同种稻年限土壤颗粒有机碳(Particulate organic carbon,POC)和颗粒有机氮(Particulate organic nitrogen,PON)中的分配特征。结果表明,在培养过程中,未添加和添加水稻秸秆处理,各年限稻田土壤POC和PON含量均低于对照土壤(0 a),添加秸秆处理的各年限土壤POC和PON含量在淹水培养5 d时明显增加,但其后并未表现出一致的增加趋势。秸秆碳(氮)对各年限土壤POC(PON)的相对贡献率为0.2%～13.9%(0.4%～3.8%),分配...     

氮肥对水田与旱地烤烟烟叶氮浓度和相关酶活性的影响

试验采用裂区设计,以硝态氮和铵态氮两种氮素形态为主处理,5个供氮水平为副处理,在大田条件下研究了水田与旱地烤烟在团棵、旺长、脚叶采烤、腰叶采烤和顶叶采烤等5个生育期烟叶的总氮浓度、硝酸还原酶和谷酰胺合成酶活性的氮肥效应。结果表明,水田与旱地烤烟在各氮肥处理下团棵期烟叶的氮浓度最高,旺长期稍有下降,至脚叶采烤期则迅速降低;烟叶中的硝酸还原酶和谷酰胺合成酶活性从团棵到旺长期迅速升高,进入采烤后逐渐降低。水田烤烟烟叶总氮浓度和硝酸还原酶活性比旱地烤烟大,而谷酰胺合成酶则水田小于旱地,说明烤烟在水田状况下吸氮能力比旱地烤烟强;然而水田烤烟氮同化能力比旱地烤烟弱。试验结果还表明,水田与旱地烤烟烟叶的总氮浓度、硝酸还原酶和谷酰胺合成酶活性分别在09～0.kg/hm2和07～5.kg/hm2范围内随施氮量的增加而提高;由于土壤中铵态氮的转化与硝态氮淋溶损失,导致铵态氮的肥效优于硝态氮。     

不同花生品种氮代谢相关酶活性的研究

为研究不同品种花生各器官中氮代谢酶活性的差异及与籽仁蛋白质含量间的关系,采用田间小区试验,利用高产大花生品种(花育22号)和小花生品种(白沙1016)研究了两品种不同生长发育时期植株各器官中可溶性蛋白质(Pro)含量、硝酸还原酶(NRase)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性的变化。结果表明,两粒型花生品种各器官的Protein、NRase、GS、GDH活性变化态势大致相同,但其含量的高低有异;各器官中的各指标含量均以小花生品种白沙1016较高。各器官中NRase活性随生育期的推进呈渐降趋势,籽仁中NRase活性远高于其他营养器官;两粒型品种叶片、茎和根中GS活性的变化趋势均呈单峰曲线,其峰值均出现在结荚期;叶片GDH活性以苗期较高,花针期最低,之后又迅速升高。茎和根中GDH活性均呈V字型曲线变化,根中峰谷滞后于茎,出现在饱果期,而籽仁中GDH活性成熟期略有升高。各器官中蛋白质含量与GS和GDH活性间的相关关系不明显,但与其相应器官中的NRase活性表现显著或极显著相关。     

土壤中可溶性有机氮含量及其影响因素研究

研究了农田和日光温室2个生态系统土壤中可溶性有机氮(SON)的含量及施肥和栽培模式对其含量的影响。结果表明,农田和日光温室土壤中SON的含量平均分别为39.19 mg kg-1和320.16 mg kg-1,分别占可溶性总氮(TSN)的80%和73%,说明SON是土壤氮素中不可忽视的氮素组分。不同栽培模式对土壤中SON的含量及其占TSN的比例的影响因生育时期的不同而异。覆草显著增加了小麦拔节期0~5 cm土层土壤中SON的含量,覆膜各土层SON含量均较常规模式有所提高;开花期覆草和覆膜模式土壤中TSN和SON含量较拔节期的显著下降。施用无机氮肥对土壤中SON的含量无显著影响。     

稻田土壤上控释氮肥的氮素利用率与硝态氮的淋溶损失

在稻田土壤上对水稻的高量施用氮肥常常造成硝态氮(NO3--N)淋溶损失和肥料氮利用率低下的问题。本研究采用土壤渗漏器、微区和田间小区试验,研究了15N标记控释氮肥在稻田土壤上的氮素利用率和硝态氮的淋溶损失。在两年早稻种植期间,一次性全量作基肥施用控释氮肥与尿素分二次施用的相比,两年的早稻产量分别平均提高7.7%和11.6%。在N90 kg hm-2用量下,由差值法测得的肥料氮利用率,按平均计,控释氮肥的N利用率(平均76.3%)比尿素分次施用的(平均37.4%)高出38.9%1。5N同位素法测得的控释氮肥的N利用率(平均67.1%)比尿素分次施用的(平均31.2%)高出35.9%。在早稻种植季节,施用尿素和控释氮肥的NO3--N淋失量分别为9.19 kg hm-2和6.7 kg hm-2,占施尿素N和控释氮肥氮的10.2%和7.4%。控释氮肥的氮淋失量比尿素分2次施用的降低27.1%。本研究结果表明,在稻田土壤上施用控释氮肥能减少氮的淋失量,提高氮素利用率和水稻产量。