Dry matter and primary nutrient accumulation in soybeans as affected by combined Nitrogen levels

Nodulating and non‐nodulating soybeans were grown on a Alfic Udipsamment and a Typic Hapludoll amended with 10 or 100 kg N/ha. Tissue and grain samples were analyzed to determine N₂‐fixation, dry matter, and N, P, and K accumulation. Highest grain yields were associated with the highest levels of N₂‐fixation and N and K accumulation in grain. The largest dry matter production was by nodulating plants grown on a high soil N regime. Nodulating plants accumulated more grain and tissue N, P, and K than non‐nodulating plants. Nitrogen stress increased P concentrations in both grain and tissue and decreased harvest indices.     

MYCORRHIZAL INFLUENCE ON FRUIT YIELD AND MINERAL CONTENT OF TOMATO GROWN UNDER SALT STRESS

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yields are known to decrease for plants grown in saline soils. This study was conducted to determine the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculation on fruit yield and mineral content of salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive tomato cultivars grown with varied levels of salt. NaCl and CaCl₂were added to soil in the irrigation water in equal molar ratios to give EC_e values of 1.4 (nonstressed) and 4.9 dS m^?1 (salt stressed). Plants were grown in a greenhouse using unsterilized, low phosphorus (P) (silty clay) soil-sand mix. Mycorrhizal root colonization occurred whether cultivars were salt stressed or nonstressed, but the extent of AMF root colonization was higher in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants. The salt tolerant cultivar ‘Pello’ generally had higher AMF root colonization than the salt sensitive cultivar ‘Marriha’. Shoot dry matter (DM) yield, fruit fresh yield, and AMF colonization were higher for plants grown under nonstressed than for plants grown under salt stressed conditions. Shoot DM and fruit fresh yields were higher in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants grown with or without salt stress. Pello generally had higher fruit fresh yield per plant and fruit weight than Marriha, but these differences were only significant for fruit weight in unioculated plants grown under salt stressed conditions. The enhancement in fruit fresh yield due to AMF inoculation was 26 and 23% under nonstressed and 28 and 46% under salt stressed treatments for Pello and Marriha, respectively. For both cultivars, fruit contents of P, potassium (K), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) were higher in AMF inoculated compared with uninoculated plants grown under nonstressed and salt stressed conditions. Fruit Na concentrations were lower in AMF inoculated than uninoculated plants grown under salt stressed conditions. The enhancement in P, K, Zn, Cu, and Fe acquisition due to AMF inoculation was more pronounced in Marriha than in Pello cultivar under salt stressed conditions. The results of this study indicated that AMF inoculated plants had greater tolerance to salt stress than unioculated plants.     

小麦倒伏的雷达极化特征及其遥感监测

研究探索了雷达遥感大面积监测小麦倒伏状况的潜力。利用覆盖整个小麦生育期的5景时间序列Radarsat-2全极化影像数据,对比分析了倒伏小麦与正常小麦在不同时间、不同极化的雷达后向散射动态响应规律,发现雷达极化特征对小麦倒伏十分敏感,基于此提出利用雷达极化指数监测小麦倒伏的方法。并利用内蒙古额尔古纳市上库力农场春小麦抽穗灌浆期的实地调查数据,对提出方法进行验证,结果表明该方法能有效辨识和监测小麦倒伏。为大面积监测小麦倒伏提供了一种简单、快速、有效的手段。     

Screening of Drought Resistance Identification Indexes for Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Cultivars in Ningxia

The morphological characters, physiological characters, yield traits and yield per plant of total 49 rice cultivars from Ningxia were investigated under conditions of water stress and non-water stress so as to determine the relationship between each trait and yield per plant under water stress and the relationship between each relative character and drought resistance coefficient under water stress and non-water stress. The correlation, grey correlation, stepwise regression and path analyses showed that the til er number per plant, plant height, grain density, effective panicle number per plant and grain number per pan-icle, total 5 traits, were significantly correlated with the drought resistance of rice, and they could be used to identify the drought resistance of rice in Ningxia. In addition, the drought resistance of rice was graded qualitatively according to the subordinate function value of corresponding drought resistance coefficient. The results showed that among the 49 rice cultivars from Ningxia, 6 rice cultivars were highly drought resistant, and 9 rice cultivars were moderately drought resistant, suggesting that the evalua-tion method was feasible and effective.     

毛乌素沙地不同林型下土壤肥力综合评价

土壤理化性质是评估林下土壤肥力重要指标;土壤肥力差异影响植被分布、演替轨迹等;探究土壤肥力质量,以期为鄂尔多斯地区毛乌素沙地人工造林树种选择、科学经营森林等提供参考。以鄂尔多斯地区毛乌素沙地杨柴(Hedysarum mongolicum)、藏锦鸡儿(Caragana tibetica)、沙地柏(Sabina vulgaris)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、沙柳(Salix linearistipularis)5种典型林型下土壤为研究对象,选取土壤pH、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾含量等指标作为评价土壤肥力因子,基于隶属度函数法对数据标准化,确定各项指标隶属度值,采用主成分分析法确定各指标权重,结合隶属度值及权重值,应用综合评价法对不同林型下土壤进行综合肥力评价,利用内梅罗指数法和综合评价法得出结论辅助验证。结果表明:1)研究区土壤pH变化范围为7.31~10.46,均值为8.35。2)7项因子对不同研究区综合土壤肥力贡献率依次为全钾(0.177)>速效磷(0.148)>铵态氮(0.138)>速效钾(0.134)>有机质(0.127)>全磷(0.099)>全氮(0.057)。3)不同林型下土壤应用综合评价法和内梅罗指数法确定土壤综合肥力质量变化趋势一致,依次为杨柴林>藏锦鸡儿林>沙地柏林>柠条锦鸡儿林>沙柳林。研究区土壤整体属于碱性土壤;土壤中全钾含量较高,对林地土壤肥力贡献率最高;土壤全氮、全磷含量较低,是林地土壤肥力主要限制因子;杨柴林林下土壤肥力较高,相较其它林分立地条件较好。     

纽荷尔脐橙叶片矿质元素含量适宜值的研究

 在闽西北中亚热带红壤地区,采集纽荷尔脐橙[Citrus sinensis（L.）Osbeck‘Newhall’],50个果园（范围N25°3′27″ ~ N27°8′、海拔160 ~ 660 m）,100个单株的叶片、土壤和果实样品,研究果实品质及株产等级与26个矿质元素的关系。结果表明：①果实品质受叶片矿质元素的影响依次为：可溶性固形物（36.5%,贡献率,下同）> 粗纤维（27.1%）> 可滴定酸（20.0%）> 单果质量（16.1%）;叶片矿质元素对品质影响的贡献率依次为：K（15.8%）> Cu（11.3%）> Ca（11.2 %）> N（10.5%）> Ni、B（8.7%）> Cd（7.8%）> P（7.4%）> Mg（7.3%）,累计贡献88.7%。②叶片矿质元素对株产等级影响的标准回归系数排序为：La（–0.553）> Ni（–0.405）> Zn（+ 0.395）> Cu（–0.377）。③推荐16项叶片矿质元素诊断标准“元素（< 缺乏;适宜下限 ~ 适宜上限;> 过量）”：N（2.7% ~ 3.2%）、P（0.13% ~ 0.20%）、K（1.2% ~ 1.9%;> 2.2%）、Ca（2.5% ~ 4.0%）、Mg（< 0.20%;0.22% ~ 0.45%）、Cu（5.0 ~ 25 mg · kg^-1;> 60 mg · kg^-1）、Zn（20 ~ 50 mg · kg^-1）、Fe（50 ~ 200 mg · kg^-1）、Mn（20 ~ 150 mg · kg^-1）、B（< 20 mg · kg^-1;35 ~ 150 mg · kg^-1）、Mo（0.05 ~ 1.0 mg · kg^-1）、S（0.28% ~ 0.40%）、Cl（< 0.2%;> 0.5%）;限量元素Ni（≤ 3.0 mg · kg^-1）、Cd（≤ 0.3 mg · kg^-1）、La（≤ 12 mg · kg^-1）。     

青花菜主要矿质营养特性的研究

以青花菜南方慧星品种为材料，分３个播期，研究了青花菜生育过程对氮，磷，钾，钙和镁等矿质养分的和分布动态，结果表明，青花菜对氮，磷，钾的吸收，以氮最多，钾次之，磷量少，其吸收比例因生长期而不同，植株和各个器官的氮，磷，钾，钙和镁含量随生育过程逐渐降低，吸收量则逐步增加，其中花球分化发育期间吸收量占吸收量的７５％至８０％，花球分化发育前，大部分的主要矿质养分分布在茎叶，花球分化发育后逐渐减少，而分布在     

沼肥替代化肥对设施蔬菜产量和土壤养分及重金属累积的影响

针对盲目施用沼肥可能带来的土壤环境问题,该研究采用5年8茬的设施番茄-甜椒田间轮作试验,研究不同沼肥和化肥配比对蔬菜产量、设施土壤氮磷养分及重金属累积的影响.结果表明:在等氮钾养分投入下,沼肥和化肥以不同比例配施的各处理没有影响蔬菜产量;氮素盈余和0~180cm土层土壤全氮含量随沼肥施用比例增加没有显著差异;磷素盈余随沼肥施用比例增加显著增加,完全沼肥处理0~30cm土层土壤Olsen-P及CaCl2-P含量分别达到151和8.0mg/kg,高于其他2个处理,且明显超出环境阈值.与完全沼肥处理相比,减量沼肥施用(3/5沼肥处理)明显降低了土壤氮素淋洗风险和磷素累积.与不施肥处理相比,施用沼肥后30~60、60~90、150~180cm土层土壤全Hg含量均低于不施肥处理;除30~60cm土层使用沼肥处理土壤中全As含量显著高于不施肥处理,其他土层各处理间均没有显著差异,而完全沼肥处理全Cr、全Cd、全Pb含量有所下降,且全Pb含量下降最为显著,但均没有出现重金属污染风险.沼肥替代化肥施用可有效实现废弃物中的养分资源循环利用,但增加菜田土壤磷素累积和淋失风险,本研究为设施菜田合理施用沼肥提供技术支持,为实现沼肥资源的循环利用和化肥替代模式提供理论参考.     

模拟降雨条件下不同植被覆盖度/格局的坡地土壤铵态氮流失特征

尽管采取各种措施控制农业氮素污染,但大量氮素的流失仍然成为农业非点源污染的主要来源之一。采用室内模拟降雨的方式,选用了3种植被覆盖度(25%,50%和75%)、9种不同的植被格局,对21°坡面铵态氮随径流和泥沙流失迁移规律进行了研究。结果表明:径流和泥沙流失的控制关键期在初期产流阶段。植被覆盖度25%时,铵态氮流失规律不明显。植被覆盖度50%时,在中期和后期产流阶段径流和泥沙携带的铵态氮流失量分别占累计流失量71.2%~82.8%,应加强中期和后期产流阶段铵态氮流失量控制。植被覆盖75%时,初期产流阶段是铵态氮流失控制的关键时期。径流与径流结合态铵态氮流失量呈幂函数关系,两者呈显著正相关(p0.05),泥沙与泥沙结合态铵态氮流失量均呈幂函数关系,并具有极显著正相关性(p0.01)。径流和泥沙流失是坡面铵态氮流失的两种途径。从削减水沙和养分流失量角度来看,坡下植被格局最强,坡上植被格局次之,坡中植被格局最弱。     

集约化种植条件下土壤硝态氮动态变化及累积特征研究

选取江阴市沿江平原地区的3种典型农业种植区,即大棚葡萄集约化种植基地、蔬菜集约化种植基地和常规种植农田为研究对象,通过田间现场采样分析的方法研究了不同种植方式下土壤剖面硝态氮含量的动态变化和累积特征.结果表明,葡萄种植基地0-100 cm各土层硝态氮含量随时间的变化波动较大,而蔬菜种植基地和常规种植农田的表层土壤硝态氮含量变化幅度大于深层土壤;3种典型种植区的土壤硝态氮含量均呈现随着土层深度的增加而逐渐减小的趋势,其中土壤硝态氮含量最大值出现在葡萄种植基地的20-40 cm土层中;葡萄种植基地各土层硝态氮平均累积量均高于蔬菜种植基地和常规种植农田,大棚葡萄集约化种植基地0-00 cm土层硝态氮平均累积总量高达400.96 kg/hm2,显著高于蔬菜集约化种植基地和常规种植农田的累积总量,这进一步表明不合理过量追肥导致土壤中硝态氮大量累积,增大了氮素淋失和地下水环境污染的风险.