根际注射施肥对黄土高原苹果氮素吸收利用及产量和品质的影响

【目的】在西北黄土高原地区,春季干旱少雨和肥料利用率低限制着生产优质苹果。国外通常应用水肥一体化技术来克服水肥利用率低的问题,但由于其硬件设施要求高,投资大,短期内在我国难以推广。近年来我国采用的根际注射施肥可利用施肥枪将肥料溶液直接注入根际土壤中,施肥成本低且技术简单。本研究利用同位素15N示踪技术,研究根际注射施肥对苹果氮素吸收利用及产量品质的影响,可为黄土高原果园水肥高效利用提供依据。【方法】以9年生富士/M26/新疆野苹果为试验材料,利用15N尿素标记肥料去向,最后通过MAT-251质谱计测15N丰度,得出果树各器官和土壤的肥料利用率。同时利用叶绿素仪(SPAD-502)测定标记叶片的SPAD值,用浸以磷酸甘油溶液的海绵进行田间原位测定,得到土壤氨挥发的量,用静态箱—气相色谱法测定土壤的N2O逸失量。综合对比分析黄土高原传统环状开沟撒施肥与根际注射施肥对苹果吸收利用氮素、肥料氮在土壤中残留及果实产量和品质的影响。【结果】黄土高原苹果园根际注射施肥的优越性体现在:1)施肥后一个月内,果园土壤的气态氮素损失发生变化,根际注射施肥比传统环状开沟施肥的氨挥发总量低54.9%,同时N2O的排放通量低5.0%。2)根际注射施肥后,促进了肥料在土壤中的扩散范围,扩大了根系肥水吸收容积,叶片和果实吸收的肥料氮比例(Ndff%)在整个生长季始终处于较高水平。生长季末期,根际注射施肥的整株氮素当季吸收率为53.04%,比环状开沟施肥提高12.25个百分点,表明根际注射施肥有利于氮素更快地被吸收利用,显著提高苹果树的氮素当季利用率。3)生长季末,在0—60 cm土层内,根际注射施肥的土壤氮素残留率为36.55%,而环状开沟施肥为43.13%,前者显著低于后者。4)在整个生长季内,根际注射施肥处理下的树体新梢叶片内叶绿素含量(SPAD)值一直高于环状开沟施肥。根际注射施肥能提高苹果单株产量和单果重,其单果重和单株产量分别比环状开沟施肥处理提高了3.8%和19.7%。【结论】黄土高原地区推广的果树根际注射施肥技术可以有效提高苹果树体氮素的利用率,降低了土壤中的氮素残留。此外注射施肥的深度、注射量、密度和时间均可根据不同时期的养分需要随时调整,使水肥在土壤中均匀分布,达到节水节肥的目的。同时可避免传统施肥时挖坑作业对浅土层吸收根的损伤,降低劳动力成本。综合来看,根际注射施肥是提高黄土高原区旱地苹果树肥水利用率、产量和品质的有效方式之一。     

适宜节水灌溉模式抑制寒地稻田N_2O排放增加水稻产量

2014年在大田试验条件下,设置控制灌溉、间歇灌溉、浅湿灌溉及淹灌4种水分管理模式,采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法田间观测寒地水稻生长季N2O排放特征,研究不同灌溉模式对寒地稻田N2O排放的影响及N2O排放对土壤环境要素的响应,同时测定水稻产量,以期为寒地稻田N2O排放特征研究提供对策。结果表明:不同灌溉模式下N2O排放的高峰均出现在水分交替频繁阶段,水稻生育阶段前期,各处理N2O排放都处于较低水平,泡田期几乎无N2O排放。与淹灌相比,间歇灌溉使N2O排放总量增加47.3%,控制灌溉和浅湿灌溉使N2O排放总量减少40.7%和39.6%。寒地稻田N2O排放通量与土壤硝态氮含量关系密切,与土壤10 cm温度显著相关(P0.05)。水稻生长期间各处理N2O排放顺序间歇灌溉淹灌,二者均显著高于浅湿灌溉和控制灌溉(P0.05)。各处理水稻产量以浅湿灌溉最低、其他方式差异不显著。可见,间歇灌溉有助于提高水稻产量,但会促进稻田N2O的排放。在综合考虑水稻产量及稻田温室效应的需求下,控制灌溉为最佳灌溉方式,应予以高度重视。该研究可为黑龙江寒地稻作区选择节水减排模式提供科学支撑。     

脲酶硝化双抑制剂缓释肥提高番茄产量及NPK养分吸收

为提高番茄肥料的利用效率,该文采用恒温培养和土培试验研究了自制番茄专用缓释肥（special slow-realease fertilizer for tomato,TSRF1和TSRF2）在酸、中、碱性土中的氮素释放特性以及对番茄产量、NPK养分吸收利用的影响。结果表明,在3种不同土壤中,氮素释放累积量均表现为普通复合肥（ordinary compound fertilizer,OCF）>商品缓释肥（commercial slow-release fertilizer,MSRF）>自制专用肥（special compound fertilizer for tomato,TCF）>自制专用缓释肥1（TSRF1）>自制专用缓释肥2（TSRF2）,且各施肥处理在3种不同土壤类型上的氮素累积释放量大小表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土。在整个培养期,各施肥处理在3种不同土壤中氮素相对累积释放率大小总体表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土,且土壤中不同形态氮素累积量均是铵态氮大于硝态氮。铵态氮、硝态氮的累积量大小也表现为碱性土>中性土>酸性土。不同形态氮在3种土壤中的累积释放量动态释放以一级动力学方程拟合最好（r=0.963～0.998）。采用一级动力学方程,不同形态氮素的最大释放量表现为总N>NH4+-N>NO3--N,这与土壤中各形态氮素养分的累积释放特性变化规律表现一致。在土培试验中,两种专用缓释肥（TSRF2和TSRF1）显著提高了番茄果实干物质量,较TCF、MSRF和OCF处理分别增加了18.18%、7.24%、31.40%和13.45%、2.96%、26.15%,且番茄产量在各处理之间的差异达到显著水平。各处理对氮素的积累量大小顺序为TSRF2>TSRF1>MSRF>TCF>OCF,对磷的吸收上表现为TSRF1>TSRF2>MSRF>TCF> OCF,钾素吸收积累量的趋势与氮素基本相同。与普通复合肥相比,两种专用缓释肥处理的N、P、K利用率分别增加了10.66%、20.53%和18.62%（TSRF1）,14.94%、18.48%和21.95%（TSRF2）。两种专用缓释肥（TSRF2和TSRF1）在抑制剂的作用下,能够延缓肥料中N素养分的释放,增加番茄植株对氮磷钾养分的吸收,从而提高了NPK养分利用率和番茄产量。     

氮肥对水稻不同生长期土壤不同深度氮素渗漏的影响

为了探明太湖地区氮肥施用对水稻不同生长期稻田土壤氮素渗漏的影响,利用渗漏管进行了原位监测。结果表明：①土壤各层(20 ~ 40、40 ~ 60、60 ~ 80和80 ~ 120 cm)渗漏液中铵态氮(NH4+-N)的平均浓度在水稻分蘖期较高,而硝态氮(-N)和全氮(TN-N)的平均浓度则在苗期相对较高。渗漏液中NH4+-N和TN-N浓度随土壤深度增加基本呈降低趋势。②以土壤80 ~ 120 cm深处渗漏量为进入地下水的氮素渗漏量,发现TN-N渗漏量占施肥量的比例为1.69% ~ 2.04%。分蘖期的NH4+-N渗漏量相对较多,而苗期-N和TN-N相对较多,总TN-N渗漏量中NH4+-N和-N基本无差异。③氮肥用量增加降了氮肥利用效率,加剧了土壤各层氮素渗漏风险。当施氮量由N 200增至270 kg/hm2时,氮肥表观利用率下降7.14%,下渗至地下水中的TN-N增加12.3%。     

不同施肥与生物质炭配施对水稻田面水氮磷流失及产量的影响

通过研究减氮施肥及施用生物质炭对田面水氮磷流失风险和水稻性状的影响,结果表明:不同施肥处理田面水总氮、溶解性氮、铵态氮浓度均在施肥后第2天达到最高,然后迅速下降,并于7d后趋于稳定,稳定后浓度分别是顶峰值的5.6％～16.3％,8.4％～23.7％和25.0％～46.1％;不同施肥处理田面水总磷浓度在施肥后第3天达到最高,而后迅速下降,一周后趋于稳定;可溶磷浓度在施肥后4～5 d内处于一个平稳的状态,而后平缓下降至施肥前水平.氮磷浓度在减氮(20％)施肥条件下与常规施肥相比均降低.减氮施肥对产量的影响不大,但减氮施肥结合生物质炭处理水稻产量与常规施肥相比提高了24.6％,达到7 391.5 kg/hm2;减氮施肥降低了氮素流失风险,但减氮施肥结合生物质炭处理则明显提高田面水中总磷的浓度,增加磷素流失的风险.在施肥后1周内是控制氮磷流失风险的最佳时期,此时若遇暴雨,将导致氮磷随径流大量流失.     

不同土地利用方式下土壤温度与土壤水分对黑土N2O排放的影响

采用静态箱一气象色谱法,对黑土区3种不同土地利用方式（草地、裸地和农田）下土壤氧化亚氮（N：O）的排放特征及其与土壤温度和土壤水分的关系进行研究。结果显示：试验监测期间（2011年5月27日-9月30日）,不同土地利用方式下,土壤N：0累积排放量分别为草地52．08mgN·m^-2裸地64．43mgN·m^-2农田70．16mgN·m^-2,农田土壤N：O累积排放量比草地和裸地分别高出35％和9％,草地、裸地和农田的N2O平均排放通量分别为16．56、20．36、21．44μgN·m^-2·h^-1。草地和裸地中,土壤N2O排放通量与土壤温度和土壤水分（充水孔隙度,WFPS）相关性均不显著,但在农田中,土壤N20排放通量与土壤温度（5cm和10cm）和土壤水分（5cm）均呈显著正相关（P〈0．05）。另外,土壤N2O累积排放量与土壤硝态氮和矿质氮含量均呈正相关关系。研究表明,黑土草地开垦可促进土壤N2O的排放,且不同土地利用方式下土壤N2O排放的主要影响因子不同。     

In vitro binding of germanium to proteins of rice shoots

The possibility of in vitro binding between proteins of rice shoots and germanium (Ge) was investigated. The proteins in mixtures of aqueous extracts of rice shoots and radioactive germanium (⁶⁸GeO₂) were fractionated. The binding of radioactivity to the proteins was observed even after 5 successive fractionation steps from the original mixtures. At the final fractionation step using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a constant proportionality between protein concentration and associated radioactivity was found in most samples although not all. These results indicate that the binding of ⁸⁸Ge to proteins is not due to the simple adsorption by proteins.     

A new method for measuring microbial biomass nitrogen in soils: Direct extraction after toluene treatment

Abstract

Phenolic compounds occurring naturally are reducing agents which react with hydrous Fe oxide and Mn oxides (Lehmann et al. 1987). Diphenols such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, and catechol were oxidatively darkened by the presence of hydrous Fe oxide though the degree of darkening was much less pronounced than that by Mn oxides (Shindo and Huang 1984). Okazaki et al. (1976) suggested that polyphenols are one of the materials responsible for the dissolution of Mn in a paddy soil under reducing conditions.     

Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1.3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.     

灌溉方法对保护地土壤有机氮组分及剖面分布的影响

用Bremner有机氮分组法测定了连续7年采用不同灌溉方法灌溉的保护地土壤各剖面层次有机氮组分含量。结果表明,土壤全氮及有机氮各组分含量均随土层深度的增加而降低,但有机氮各组分占全氮的比例随土层深度增加的变化却无明显规律。用3种灌溉方法灌溉,不同土层间土壤有机氮各组分含量的差异主要存在于0～50 cm土层,50 cm以下差异很小;相同土层,土壤有机态氮含量均以酸解氮为主,且酸解氮中各组分绝对含量和相对含量的大小排列顺序均为,未知态氮〉氨态氮〉氨基酸态氮〉氨基糖态氮。在0～80 cm土层,土壤酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在58%～60%之间,只有渗灌处理0～10 cm,10～20 cm及沟灌处理0～10 cm土层酸解氮占全氮的比例较低,分别为34.21%,50.75%和48.02%;而非酸解氮占全氮的比例大多在32%～36%之间。3种灌溉方法相比较,除个别层次外,酸解氮中氨基酸态氮、氨基糖态氮及氨态氮占全氮的比例在各土层中滴灌和渗灌处理均高于沟灌处理,而酸解未知态氮和非酸解氮占全氮的比例则为沟灌处理高于滴灌和渗灌处理。