大连市城市粪便污泥微生物的监测分析

报道了大连市旱而和化粪池等粪便污泥中卫生指示菌和致病微生物的监测结果，分析了其时空分布规律，研究了消毒的方法，为城肥利用提供了微生物方面的基础数据。     

充N2包装对猕猴桃鲜果切片品质和生理效应的影响

以美味猕猴桃“秦美”果实为试材,研究了充N2包装对其鲜切后果实呼吸速率、乙烯释放速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量等生理指标和果实硬度、可溶性固形物(TSS)含量、维生素C含量、可滴定酸含量等品质指标的影响。结果表明,充N2处理后,果实的呼吸速率和乙烯释放速率受到抑制,呼吸速率高峰比对照延迟了4 d,乙烯释放速率高峰比对照推迟了8 d;充N2包装降低了鲜切猕猴桃果实丙二醛(MDA)的含量,抑制了Vc的降解,但对果实可滴定酸含量没有明显影响;充N2包装可以抑制鲜切猕猴桃果实硬度的下降速度,推迟果实的软化,同时TSS含量的上升速度也比对照缓慢。综合各项指标分析认为,充N2包装对提高鲜切猕猴桃果片品质以及延长其货架期有显著效果。     

不同营养盐浓度下微绿球藻的生长及水体中氮磷的变化

在单胞藻培养池中 ,以f/ 2为基本培养配方 (其主要成分为NaNO3 74.8mg ,NaH2 PO4 4.4mg ,FeC6H5O7·5H2 O 3.9mg) ,在经消毒的天然河口水中 ,分别添加 1倍、2倍、3倍浓度f/ 2配方的营养盐培养微绿球藻。结果表明 ,添加 2倍营养盐浓度组 ,微绿球藻的生长最快 ,其相对生长常数显著大于添加 1倍营养盐浓度组。在培养过程中 ,水体中NO-3 N、NH+ 4 N、总氮及PO3 -4 P含量下降 ,而NO-2 N含量在培养过程中先降后升。在高浓度营养盐条件下 ,生产单位产量的微绿球藻需要消耗更多的氮肥。     

红黄泥土壤供氮特性的研究 Ⅰ.土壤有机氮组分及其与矿化的关系

用6NC1加热水解土壤有机氮,对20个水稻土样品测定结果表明,红黄泥各组分氮在数量和分布上与其它士种无本质的差别;酸解氮占土壤全氮71.2％±5.1％,不同土壤间变异度很小,各组分中以氨基酸氮比例最大;酸解氮及氨基酸氮与盆栽的土壤矿化氮间有极显著的相关性。     

铬对大豆生理代谢及固氮作用的影响初报

盆栽试验表明:铬使大豆叶内可溶性糖、蛋白质和叶绿素含量显著减少,使硝酸还原酶活性增加;高浓度的铬可使大豆的根和叶出现受害症状,植株矮化,生育期延迟,光合生物量和产量下降。大豆结瘤与固氮对铬的反应十分敏感,铬使结瘤数减少,根瘤重下降,使根瘤内的蛋白质含量提高,豆血红蛋白含量减少;铬还使单株固氮酶活性(乙炔还原法测定)显著降低,用高浓度铬处理者克瘤固氮活性也显著降低。     

氮肥形态对污泥农用土壤中重金属活性及玉米对其吸收的影响

采用根箱试验,研究了不同形态氮肥对污泥处理的根-土界面氮素转化、pH、重金属活性以及植物吸收重金属的影响.结果表明,铵态氮肥能降低根际土壤的pH,提高根际土壤中的重金属活性,促进玉米对重金属的吸收;而硝态氮的作用刚好相反.因此,氮肥形态的选择供应可作为控制作物对重金属吸收的一种措施.     

施用磷酸二胺对典型草原区割草地植物群落组成及草场质量的影响

通过设计的割草施肥试验,研究了施用磷酸二胺对割草地产量、群落组成及草场质量的影响。结果表明:(1)施用磷酸二胺对1年割1次草地的增产效果显著,施肥当年,P2(40kg·hm-2)、P3(60kg·hm-2)、P4(80kg·hm-2)分别较不施肥对照增产28.98%、22.28%和24.37%(P<0.05),翌年P4残效仍较对照增产17.59%(P<0.05);对1年割2次和不割草对照都没有显著增产,前者表现出肥料施用量不足,后者是由于多年围封系统自身养分亏缺量较少且厚实的凋落物阻碍养分的有效利用。(2)1年割1次的物种多样性最高,1年割2次的最低。3种割草制度下,随着磷酸二胺施用量增加物种多样性指数均呈波动性地增长趋势,而均匀性指数却呈波动下降,但变幅不大。(3)在P4条件下,大针茅和羊草在1年割1次和不割草对照中能实现等补偿,而在1年割2次中均为不足补偿,而糙隐子草恰恰相反,在P3、P4水平下表现出超补偿的现象,最高C值均出现在1年割2次中;施用磷酸二胺后,羊草与大针茅的氮含量均随施肥梯度的增加而增加,且提高的幅度在不割草对照中较1年割1次要高;糙隐子草的氮含量几乎未见增长。3种植物的全磷含量均随着施肥梯度的增加而增加,但羊草与大针茅在不割草处理中的增长幅度要高于1年割1次,而糙隐子草却正好相反。(4)施用磷酸二胺在1年割1次中对草地质量指数的提高明显优于其他两种轮割制度,且施肥量为80kg·hm-2的处理下草地质量维持的最好。     

不同有机肥料中氮素的矿化特性研究

通过好氧培养试验,对不同有机肥中NO3--N与NH4+-N的矿化特性进行了研究。结果表明,鸡粪和猪粪培养10 d后、牛粪培养30 d后,NO3--N矿化率快速提高,使土壤NO3--N含量上升;鸡粪堆肥培养10 d后、牛粪堆肥和猪粪堆肥培养60 d后,矿化率开始上升。经过堆肥处理的有机肥NO3--N矿化率明显低于未堆肥产品,而且矿化高峰期延迟。培养90 d后NO3--N矿化率趋缓,培养120 d后NO3--N的矿化率分别为:鸡粪42.6%、牛粪24.0%、猪粪22.6%、鸡粪堆肥23.4%、牛粪堆肥16.0%、猪粪堆肥18.0%。随培养期延长,施肥土壤NH4+-N含量迅速下降,培养5 d时低于对照土壤、15 d后接近或略高于对照土壤。施用有机肥可增加土壤NO3--N含量,对NH4+-N含量的影响较小。     

Study of Dynamics of Floodwater Nitrogen and Regulation of Its Runoff Loss in Paddy Field-Based Two-Cropping Rice with Urea and Controlled Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Application

The article deals with the effects of urea and controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRNF） on dynamics of pH, electronic conductivity （EC）, total nitrogen （TN）, NH4^＋-N and NO3 -N in floodwater, and the regulation of runoff TN loss from paddy field-based two-cropping rice in Dongting Lake, China, and probes the best fertilization management for controlling N loss. Studies were conducted through modeling alluvial sandy loamy paddy soil （ASP） and purple calcareous clayey paddy soil （PCP） using lysimeter, following the sequence of the soil profiles identified by investigating soil profile. After application of urea in paddy field-based two-cropping rice, TN and NHa＋-N concentrations in floodwater reached peak on the 1st and the 3rd day, respectively, and then decreased rapidly over time; all the floodwater NO3--N concentrations were very low; the pH of floodwater gradually rose in case of early rice within 15 d （late rice within 3 d） after application of urea, and EC remained consistent with the dynamics of NH4^＋-N. The applied CRNF, especially 70% CRNF, led to significantly lower floodwater TN and NH4^＋ concentrations, pH, and EC values compared with urea within 15 d after application. The monitoring result for N loss due to natural rainfall runoff indicated that the amount of TN lost in runoff from paddy field- based two-cropping rice with urea application in Dongting Lake area was 7.47 kg ha^-1, which accounted for 2.49% of urea- N applied, and that with CRNF and 70% CRNF application decreased 24.5 and 27.2% compared with urea application, respectively. The two runoff events, which occurred within 20 d after application, contributed significantly to TN loss from paddy field. TN loss due to the two runoffs in urea, CRNF, and 70% CRNF treatments accounted for 72, 70, and 58% of the total TN loss due to runoff over the whole rice growth season, respectively. And the TN loss in these two CRNF treatments due to the first run-off event at the 10th day after application to early rice decreased 44.9 and 44.2% compared with urea, respectively. In conclusion, the 15-d period after application of urea was the critical time during which N loss occurred due to high floodwater N concentrations. But CRNF decreased N concentrations greatly in floodwater and runoff water during this period. As a result, it obviously reduced TN loss in runoff over the whole rice growth season.     

不同氮素施用量对葡萄叶、枝、根碳水化合物含量的影响

本试验用500ml塑料育苗盆定植一年生葡萄扦植苗，研究不同氮素施用量对地上部和地下部生长及碳水化合物含量的影响，并对根尖细胞构造进行了探讨，结果表明：地上部生长量，干物重，叶面积在N-300区最大；全叶绿素含量随氮素施用量的增加而增加，叶淀粉，全糖含量随氮素施用量的增加而降低，枝条和根的淀粉含量在N-75区和N-150区最高，全糖含量在N-150区和N-300区最高，在N-900区最低。生长越旺盛的植株，白色根越多，氮素施用量过多时出现黑色根增多的倾向。