Preparation and Study of a Novel,Environmentally Friendly Seed-Coating Agent for Wheat

Traditional seed-coating agents are widespread and used in crop protection. However, the coatings can pose an environmental and health hazard. In this study, a novel wheat seed-coating agent was prepared by using natural polysaccharide as the main raw material, which produces bacteriostatic activity and enhances the germination and quality of seeds. The optimum formula of this seed-coating agent was ultimately determined through a series of laboratory experiments and field trials. The results showed that the yield of wheat seeds treated with this novel seed-coating agent was increased by 10% and its material cost was decreased by 15% compared with the conventional toxic seed-coating agent. The toxicity of the novel seed-coating agent was also less than that of the traditional one. Therefore, this wheat seed-coating agent had obvious economic and environmental benefits.     

不同产田土壤速效磷对夏玉米的肥效分析

采用田间试验法,研究了磷肥对不同产田夏玉米性状、产量及产量构成因素的影响,旨为夏玉米合理施用磷肥提供科学依据。结果表明：高、中、低产夏玉米田最佳经济施磷量分别为50 kg/hm2、52 kg/hm2和47 kg/hm2。     

放牧率对短花针茅根际和非根际土壤氮素的影响

以短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原为研究对象,研究不同放牧强度下,短花针茅根际与非根际土壤氮素的变化。结果表明,不同处理间短花针茅根际的土壤氮素含量均高于非根际的。在相同放牧率下,随着土层深度增加根际与非根际土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量都表现出降低的趋势;不同放牧率,0-10、20-30cm土层,根际土壤全氮含量总体变化趋势与非根际变化趋势相同;相同土层深度,轻度放牧区短花针茅根际土壤氨态氮与硝态氮含量明显升高,证明适度放牧对土壤氮素积累有积极作用。垂直方向上,不同放牧率下,0-10cm土层的全氮含量高于20-30cm土层的。     

Digestibility and nitrogen utilization in sheep fed enset (Ensete ventricosum) pseudostem or corm and graded levels of Desmodium intortum hay to wheat straw‐based diets

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of Desmodium intortum (Desmodium) hay supplementation in sheep fed fixed amounts of enset pseudostem or corm and a basal diet of wheat straw on intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization. Eighteen male sheep with a mean (± SD) live weight of 20.5 ± 1.45 kg were assigned to six treatments in a completely randomized design and fed either 108 g dry matter (DM) enset pseudostem or 165 g DM enset corm each with three levels (100, 200 and 300 g) of hay supplementation. For the pseudostem diets, there was no significant difference in total DM intake. Total crude protein (CP) intake and N retention increased with increasing levels of hay in both pseudostem and corm diets. The apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and microbial nitrogen supply (MN) at 100 g was lower that other levels of supplementation. For the corm diets, total DM and OM intake and MN supply increased with increasing levels of hay. The digestibility decreased (p < 0.001) with increasing levels of supplementation. The results suggest that at least 300 g (395 g/kg dietary DM) of Desmodium hay is required in pseudostem diets, whereas 200 g (337 g/kg dietary DM) may be sufficient in corm diets for efficient nutrient utilization.     

Effects of AI protocol and time interval from onset of estrus to AI on conception rate in Japanese Black cows

Two different artificial insemination (AI) protocols were investigated to determine the effect of the time interval from the onset of estrus (as detected by a pedometer) to the AI on the conception rate in Japanese Black cows. Seventy‐three cows were divided into two groups that received AI either after the induction of synchronized ovulation (synchronized AI group; n = 26) or at the time of observed estrus (control AI group; n = 47). Each group was further divided into two subgroups, which were artificially inseminated either 0–12 h (early AI group; n = 21) or 12–24 h (late AI group; n = 52) after the onset of estrus. There was no significant difference in the conception rate between the synchronized AI and control AI groups. The AI protocol and the detection of estrus using a threshold of counted steps (as measured by a pedometer) in this study could be effective for planned reproduction management without the observation of standing estrus in Japanese Black cows.     

旱地矮化苹果园当季氮肥在土壤剖面的累积与淋溶效应

为研究旱地矮化苹果树当季肥料氮在土壤中的累积与淋溶效应,采用土钻采样法与¹⁵N同位素示踪技术,测定了6 a生晚熟矮化‘延长红’苹果园土壤剖面（0~300 cm）的氮素累积分布特征与当季氮肥残留。结果表明：土壤含水率与硝态氮含量变化表现出较强的一致性,不施肥CK、减氮施肥N400与常规施肥N800处理硝态氮在80~140 cm土层存在明显富集现象,其含量峰值分别为174.9、194.8 mg·kg^-1与211.1 mg·kg^-1。CK、N400与N800处理0~300 cm土壤剖面中,全氮累积量分别为10 927.3、13 734.8 kg·hm^-2与15 645.4 kg·hm^-2,硝态氮累积量分别为1 873.5、2 353.9 kg·hm^-2与2 892.7 kg·hm^-2,铵态氮累积量分别为12.2、42.6 kg·hm^-2与44.4 kg·hm^-2。N400和N800处理下果园土壤中各土层（0~300 cm）氮素来自当季氮肥的比例分别为0.10%~1.50%和0.18%~2.03%。当季氮肥在0~300 cm深度各土层均有残留且主要集中在0~140 cm土层;80~100 cm土层的全氮来自当季氮肥的比例（减氮施肥N400和常规施肥N800分别为1.50%与2.03%）显著高于其他土层。N400处理下TN-¹⁵N、NO^-₃-¹⁵N、NH⁺₄-¹⁵N的残留率分别为21.6%、19.2%、0.2%,N800处理分别为48.8%、39.3%、0.3%,土壤中氮的残留率随着施氮量的增加显著增加,且以硝态氮为主。100~300 cm土层中减氮施肥N400与常规施肥N800处理NO^-₃-¹⁵N残留率分别为8.5%与25.0%,当季氮肥淋溶出根区（0~80 cm）现象明显。最佳施肥量及施肥量对产量的影响在N400的基础上仍有待进一步研究确定。     

Effect of relationships among clinical mastitis incidence,reproductive performance,and culling rate on the lifetime of dairy cows at Hiroshima University Farm

Farm managers' decision to cull dairy cows is based on the cows' milk production, history of disorder(s), and reproductive performance, each of which affects dairy cows' lifetime (herd life and productive lifespan). We investigated the relationships among the incidence of clinical mastitis (CM), the reproductive performance, and the culling rate. We also assessed the effects of these relationships on the lifetimes of dairy cows, using the records made before and after the introduction of an automatic milking system (AMS) at Hiroshima University Farm. Milk yield, CM incidence density, and culling rate of dairy cows increased after the AMS introduction. The CM incidence was associated with an elongation of the calving interval in cows with the same parity. CM in the 1st parity might have caused the reductions of the cows' lifetime and their parity at culling. A higher age at first calving (AFC) was associated with an increase in culling rate but did not lead to a significant decrease in lifetime. Investigations of the factors mediating CM in the 1st parity or AFC with CM incidence or culling rate in the later stages might contribute to the control of lifetime of dairy cows.     

工厂化猪场不同猪群死亡率与季节的关系初探

通过对哺乳仔猪群、保育群、育成群各月死亡率的统计分析发现,冬季低温对哺乳仔猪群、保育群死亡率的影响远远大于夏季高温的影响。冬季低温对保育群的死亡率影响最大,而对育成群几乎没有影响。夏季高温对不同猪群的死亡率有不同程度的影响力。不同猪群对温度反应的快慢、强度及持续期各不相同。     

混料设计在辣椒不同类型氮肥配比试验研究中的应用

采用田间试验,研究了混料设计中的单形重心设计在辣椒控释尿素、普通尿素配肥上的应用,测定了辣椒的产量及其构成,配置了各因子的产量回归方程,解析寻优,对肥料效应及经济效益进行了分析.结果表明,三种氮肥比例为普通尿素U=0.20～0.30,控释尿素D60(控释期60天)=0.40～0.60,控释尿素D30(控释期30天)=0.20～0.40(换算为纯氮实际用量U=150.0～225.0 kg/hm2,D60=300.0～450.0 kg/hm2,D30=150.0～300.0 kg/hm2)的方案,预测最高产量可达85.0 t/hm2.控释尿素D30-D60两者配合施用、普通尿素与控释尿素D30-D60三者配合施用均能显著提高辣椒产量,比普通尿素分别增产24.40、28.26 t/hm2,增产率分别为42.0%和49.0%,产量差异均达极显著水平.施肥效应以D30-D60混合最高,为20.88 t/hm2,达极显著水平.经济效益分析表明,U-D30-D60处理施肥利润为2.440万元/hm2,氮素利用率最高,为60.1%.普通尿素与两种控释尿素按一定比例混合施用有利于提高辣椒产量和增加农民的经济收入.     

绿洲生态条件下氮磷肥配施对冬小麦干物质分配及产量的影响

在西北绿洲生态条件下,设165 kg·hm-2(N1),225 kg·hm-2(N2)两个氮素(纯氮)水平和105 kg·hm-2(P1)、165 kg·hm-2(P2)两个磷素(P2O5)水平共4个处理,研究了氮磷配施对冬小麦产量及干物质积累及分配、灌浆特性的影响。结果表明:N2P1、N2P2具有较高的籽粒产量,分别为7 644.73、7 686.25 kg·hm-2,同时,水分利用效率(WUE)也较高,分别为11.67、11.49 kg·hm-2·mm-1;千粒重和穗粒数随施氮量增加而提高,磷对籽粒产量构成要素影响不显著;氮、氮和磷互作对籽粒平均灌浆速率(V)、最大灌浆速率(Vmax)、有效灌浆持续期粒重增加值(Ws)和有效灌浆持续期灌浆速率(Vs)均有显著影响,但影响籽粒重量的主要因素是Vmax;氮、磷及氮和磷互作对不同器官干物质积累及其分配影响在不同生育时期表现不一。