Occurrence of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge and their Behaviour in Soils and Plants. Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter (5 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   Part 1: Behaviour of Polycyclic Musks in Sewage Sludge of Different Treatment Plants in Summer and Winter Part 2: Investigation of Polycyclic Musks in Soils and Plants -  Preamble. In Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludges. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil and their uptake by plants. Background, Aim and Scope   Polycyclic Musks (PCMs) enter the environment via the waste water system. Because of their persistence, they can accumulate in different matrices like sewage sludge or biota. By the use of sewage sludge as a fertilizer, PCMs are transferred to agricultural soils. Therefore, in Part 1 of the study, screening tests were performed to investigate the occurrence of PCMs in sewage sludge. For a preliminary risk assessment, further information is needed about their behaviour in the terrestrial environment. Hence, Part 2 of the study examined the adsorption of PCMs to soil, their dissipation and leaching in soil, and their uptake by plants. Materials and Methods: In the screening study, samples of activated sewage sludge were taken both in summer and in winter at 21 treatment plants. In order to get an overview of the contamination situation, sampling covered different types of treatment plants (in rural, urban, industrial areas). Analytical methods for the determination of HHCB, AHTN, ADBI, ATTN, AHDI and ATII in the sludge samples were developed and applied. Results: The analytical screening of PCMs showed their presence in activated and dried sewage sludge samples. HHCB and AHTN represented about 95% of the PCMs investigated. Their concentrations in the activated sludge samples varied between 2.9 and 10.4 mg/kg dry mass (dm) and 1.1 to 4.2 mg/kg dm, respectively. Although different types of sewage treatment plants were investigated, similar PCM levels were found, showing the widespread input of these compounds into domestic waste water. Discussion: PCM concentrations in activated sludge varied widely. The variation drops substantially when concentrations are related to the varying dry mass. In dehydrated sludge, PCM concentrations were up to 24 mg/kg dm for HHCB and up to 6.9 mg/kg dm for AHTN. These high values are comparable to those obtained in other investigations analysing PCMs. If the degradation of organic mass during anaerobic decomposition is included in the evaluation, the figures obtained are comparable to those for activated sludge. Elimination in sewage sludge was higher in summer than in winter. Therefore, the contamination of the sludges in winter reached higher levels compared to the summer. Conclusions: The results show that PCMs are widespread contaminants in sewage sludge. Recommendations and Perspectives: PCM should be considered in a risk assessment as potential contaminants of sewage sludge destined for agricultural use. Due to the high PCM levels in sewage sludge, further investigations into the degradation and elimination behaviour in sewage sludge have to be carried out, including that involving PCM metabolites such as lactone derivatives.     

Risk assessment of nitrate pollution in groundwater based on the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity of agricultural lands in Hokkaido

(pp. 17–24)
A trial calculation was performed of the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity and the amount of nitrogen input based on various statistical data, which were compiled from each city, town and village in Hokkaido prefecture. The relationship between the excess quantity of nitrogen, after nitrogen input, and the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity and the nitrate-nitrogen concentration of the groundwater was considered.
Environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity = nitrogen output by the crops + acceptable level of residual nitrate in the soil profile.*
^*It is calculated by the amount of nitrate precipitation evapotranspiration ×10 mg L⁻¹.

• 1) 

  The average value of the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity in Hokkaido Prefecture was observed to be 183 kg ha⁻¹. The maximum and minimum values of the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity were 308 kg ha⁻¹ and 94 kg ha⁻¹, respectively. When the average value of the environmental nitrogen-assimilation capacity with respect to main agricultural land use was compared across municipalities, it was largely in the following order · grassland (218 kg ha⁻¹), upland (169 kg ha⁻¹), and paddy land (157 kg ha⁻¹).

       

不同氮效率水稻品种增硝营养下根系生长的响应特征

试验采用两室分根盒和溶液培养方法,研究了在增硝营养下不同氮效率水稻品种根系生长的响应特征。结果表明,在本试验条件下,与全铵培养下的根系相比,氮高效水稻品种南光在铵硝混合培养下的根系干重和氮积累量显著增加,增幅达33%和41%;同时其根系表面积、根系体积和侧根数增幅均达到显著水平,但根系长度却无明显增加。氮低效水稻品种Elio在铵硝混合培养下的根系生长差异均不显著。这表明氮高效水稻品种南光的根系生长对增硝营养的响应度强,进而促进了根系对氮素的吸收利用。从本试验的结果可推论,水稻对增硝营养的强响应度可能是水稻氮素高效吸收利用的生理机制之一。     

山地土壤坡向性分异的研究概况

综述了山地土壤坡向性分异的研究概况,包括土壤生物积累和盐基淋溶的坡向差异,以及坡向对土壤垂直带谱结构的影响。已有研究大多集中在山地土壤垂直带谱的坡向分异,可将其归纳为山地迎风坡与背风坡和阴、阳坡分异两种主要情况。同时,针对目前有关山地土壤坡向性研究的不足,提出了今后研究的重点:从山体不同坡向的对应高度出发,运用现代地理研究方法,研究山地土壤多种属性的坡向性分异及其生产生态意义。     

Simulating management effects on crop production, tile drainage, and water quality using RZWQM-DSSAT

The objective of this study was to explore if more crop-specific plant growth modules can improve simulations of crop yields, and N in tile flow under different management practices compared with a generic plant growth module. We calibrated and evaluated the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) with the Decision Support for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT v3.5) plant growth modules (RZWQM-DSSAT) for simulating tillage (NT — no till, RT — ridge till, CP — chisel plow, and MP — moldboard plow), crop rotation {CC — continuous corn, and CS — corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]}, and nitrogen (N) (SA — single application at preplant, and LSNT — late spring soil N test based application) and manure (SM — fall injected swine manure) management effects on crop production and water quality. Data from 1978 to 2003 from a water quality experiment near Nashua (Nashua experiments), Iowa, USA, were used. The model was calibrated using data from one treatment plot and validated for the rest of the plots. Simulated management effects on annual N loading in tile flow were agreeable with measured effects in 85%, 99%, 88%, and 78% of the cases for tillage, crop rotation (CS vs. CC), N application timing (SA vs. LSNT), and swine manure applications (SM vs. SA), respectively. On average, the LSNT plots were simulated to have 359 kg ha^− 1 higher corn yield compared to SA, when the observed increase was 812 kg ha^− 1. Grain yield simulations were not sensitive to differences between RT and NT, between SM and SA treatments, and between CS and CC. We conclude that considering the uncertainties of basic input data, processes in the field, and lack of site specific weather data, the results obtained with this RZWQM-DSSAT hybrid model were not much better than the results obtained earlier with the generic crop growth module.     

对间隙淋洗长期通气培养条件下黄土高原土壤供氮能力的评价

采用间隙淋洗长期通气培养法,通过对黄土高原物理化学性质差异较大的10种农田土样起始矿质氮、起始提取态总氮、起始可溶性有机氮,以及培养期间淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮、可溶性有机氮含量及其与作物吸氮量关系的研究,分析并评价黄土高原主要农田土壤氮素矿化能力以及包括和不包括培养淋洗可溶性有机氮对土壤供氮能力的影响。结果表明,供试土样起始可溶性有机氮平均为N 23.9 mg/kg,是起始提取态总氮的28.8%,土壤全氮的2.4%。在通气培养淋洗总氮中,可溶性有机氮所占比例不高,经过217 d通气培养,淋洗出的可溶性有机氮平均为N 28.8mg/kg,占淋洗总氮量的19.8%。相关分析表明,淋洗可溶性有机氮量与第1季作物吸氮量相关不显著,但与连续2季作物总吸氮量显著相关。淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮与两季作物总吸氮量的相关系数明显高于与第一季作物吸氮量的相关系数;与第一季作物吸氮量达显著相关水平,与连续两季作物吸氮量达极显著相关水平。总体上看,可溶性有机氮和土壤全氮、土壤微生物氮不能作为反映短期可矿化氮的指标;间隙淋洗通气培养淋洗液中淋洗矿质氮、淋洗总氮是评价可矿化氮的较好指标,不仅适宜于第一季作物,而且也适用于对连续两季作物土壤供氮能力的评价。     

饲料中添加包膜氨基酸对异育银鲫生长和体成分的影响

分别进行了两个试验考察包膜氨基酸的作用效果。试验一以硬化油脂、明胶包膜赖氨酸、蛋氨酸，测定了其水中溶失率。结果表明，晶体赖氨酸、硬化油脂、明胶包膜赖氨酸的水中溶失率分别为57．0％、14．3％、21．3％；晶体蛋氨酸、硬化油脂、明胶包膜蛋氨酸的水中溶失率分别为87．7％、19．0％、28．0％，晶体氨基酸经硬化油脂、明胶包膜后，其水中溶失率极显著降低（P〈0．01）；试验二在鱼粉含量为9％的基础饲料（对照组）中分别添加晶体、硬化油脂包膜、明胶包膜的0．23％赖氨酸和0．09％蛋氨酸，饲养平均体重为2．48g的异育银鲫鱼种6周。结果表明，对照组、晶体氨基酸组、硬化油脂包膜氨基酸组、明胶包膜氨基酸组的鱼体增重率分别为169．8％、173．3％、201．4％、200．2％，添加晶体氨酸对异育银鲫的生长无改善（P〉0．10），但添加硬化油脂包膜或明胶包膜氨基酸试验组鱼体增重率为18．6％、17．9％（P〈0．05），饲料系数下降0．28、0．37（P〈0．05），显著促进了异育银鲫的生长。对肌肉营养成分的分析表明，不同处理鱼体肌肉在水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分组成方面无显著差异（P〉0．05）。上述研究表明，晶体氨基酸经硬化油脂、明胶包膜处理后，其水中溶失率显著降低，利用性显著提高，在低鱼粉饲料中添加后对异育银鲫具有显著的促生长作用。     

3种果树伤流液中氮素形态分析

以核桃、猕猴桃和葡萄为试材,分析和比较了3种果树伤流液中游离氨基酸、硝态氮和铵态氮的含量。结果表明,3种果树伤流液中氨基酸有1216种,各种氨基酸含量不同。春季,总氨基酸含量核桃最多,葡萄最少。猕猴桃伤流液中硝态氮含量较高,达205.252 mg·L-1,葡萄次之,而核桃伤流液中硝态氮含量很低,仅有0.495 mg·L-1 。3种果树伤流液中铵态氮含量很少,低于1.2 mg·L-1。西北林学院学报21卷第3期禹 婷等3种果树伤流液中氮素形态分析     

尿素在砖红壤中的淋失特征——Ⅰ．NH^＋4-N的淋失

通过室内大型模拟土柱研究不同尿素施甩量与砖红壤中NH4-N的淋失关系。结果表明：各施肥处理渗漏液中20cm处NH^ 4-N的最高浓度值与施肥量大小成正相关，60cm和120cm处渗漏液中NH^ 4-N浓度值与施肥量关系不大，但120cm处渗漏液中NH ^4-N浓度仍超过水体富营养化标准0．2mg／L。在砖红壤中，尿素以NH^ 4-N形态大量淋失的可能性不大。     

Investigations on the Behaviour of Fenpropimorph and its Metabolite Fenpropimorphic Acid in Soils

The fate of fenpropimorph and its metabolite fenpropimorphic acid was investigated in a silty sand soil and in a clayey silt soil. In laboratory and field experiments fenpropimorph disappeared without a lag phase. A few days after application fenpropimorphic acid was detected. Additional laboratory experiments with [¹⁴C]fenpropimorph emphasized the significance of mineralization and the formation of non-extractable residues. The determination of soil/water distribution coefficients of parent compound and metabolite yielded a higher leaching potential for fenpropimorphic acid due to its higher polarity. This was confirmed by performing a laboratory column test under worst-case conditions. Under field conditions, however, fenpropimorphic acid was detected only in the superficial soil layers (0–5 cm) of both investigation sites at very low concentrations.