稀土壳聚糖螯合盐对水产颗粒饲料性能的影响

研究了在饲料中添加稀土壳聚糖螯合盐（ＲＥＣＣ）对水产颗粒饲料性能的影响。根据鲫（Ｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓａｕｒａｔｕｓ）鱼苗的营养需求配制４种类型的ＲＥＣＣ试验日粮,即１号饲料（０．００％）、２号饲料（０．０８％）、３号饲料（０．１６％）和４号饲料（０２４％）。测定４种饲料的粉化率和溶失率。结果显示,添加稀土壳聚糖螯合盐后可以降低饲料的 粉化率,饲料中添加０．１６％的稀土壳聚糖螯合盐效果尤其明显（Ｐ＜０．０１）;在饲料中添加ＲＥＣＣ可以显著降低饲料的溶失率（Ｐ＜０．０５）,并可以提高和改善水产颗粒饲料的性能。     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

微生物菌肥及施肥方式对辣椒品质的影响

在大棚日光条件下,研究微生物菌肥及施肥方式对辣椒品质的影响,施肥方式如下：菌肥、化肥、混合肥(菌肥＋化肥),测定辣椒果实的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐等安全品质和可溶性糖、维生素C、叶绿素等营养品质的含量。结果表明,菌肥能显著降低硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的积累,提高辣椒维生素C和可溶性糖的含量,与单施化肥比较,单施菌肥和混合施肥的硝酸盐含量分别降低了46.1%和16.6%,亚硝酸盐含量分别降低了71.3%和48.9%,维生素C含量增加了97.3%和74.9%,可溶性糖含量分别增加了36.9%和102.8%,叶绿素含量降低但差异不显著。由此可见菌肥可以提高辣椒的营养品质和安全品质。     

武运粳7号超表达OsNRT1.2 后对硝酸盐的响应

 应用公开的植物基因组数据库和生物信息学分析确定了一个水稻低亲和硝酸盐运输蛋白候选基因OsNRT1.2。利用农杆菌介导Ubiquitin启动子过量表达OsNRT1.2,研究了该基因在武运粳7号中的获得性功能特征。OsNRT1.2的cDNA序列从KOME网站中获得,该序列全长为2178 bp,编码阅读框为1732 bp,编码533个氨基酸。采用半定量RT PCR技术分析,OsNRT1.2在武运粳7号中表达存在器官特异性,主要在根系表达,地上部分几乎不表达。通过将pUbi OsNRT1.2 在武运粳7号中转化,得到OsNRT1.2基因超量表达材料。0.2 mmol/L NO3-和5.0 mmol/L NO3-处理野生型（WT）和T2转基因植株OE1、OE2 和OE8  30 d,每10 d跟踪记录株高和根长。转基因植株（除OE8在5.0 mmol/L NO3-供氮水平外）与WT株高无明显差异,根长增加量显著降低。在0.2 mmol/L NO3-供氮水平下,转基因植株和WT地上部分和根系的全氮含量均无显著差异;在5.0 mmol/L NO3-供氮水平下,除OE1外,OE2和OE8地上部分全氮含量显著增加,3个转基因株系比WT根系全氮含量显著降低。在两个氮素水平处理条件下,转基因植株根冠比都显著降低;生物量比WT都增加,在0.2 mmol/L NO3-供氮水平下增加了9.4% ~ 31.1%,在5.0 mmol/L NO3-供氮水平下增加了12.5% ~ 43.8%。研究表明,OsNRT1.2基因在武运粳7号中可能参与了氮素从根系向地上部的转运,从而导致地上部生物量增加。     

Effects of transition season management on soil N dynamics and system N balances in rice–wheat rotations of Nepal

In the low-input rice–wheat production systems of Nepal, the N nutrition of both crops is largely based on the supply from soil pools. Declining yield trends call for management interventions aiming at the avoidance of native soil N losses. A field study was conducted at two sites in the lowland and the upper mid-hills of Nepal with contrasting temperature regimes and durations of the dry-to-wet season transition period between the harvest of wheat and the transplanting of lowland rice. Technical options included the return of the straw of the preceding wheat crop, the cultivation of short-cycled crops during the transition season, and combinations of both. Dynamics of soil N_min, nitrate leaching, nitrous oxide emissions, and crop N uptake were studied throughout the year between 2004 and 2005 and partial N balances of the cropping systems were established. In the traditional system (bare fallow between wheat and rice) a large accumulation of soil nitrate N and its subsequent disappearance upon soil saturation occurred during the transition season. This nitrate loss was associated with nitrate leaching (6.3 and 12.8 kg ha⁻¹ at the low and high altitude sites, respectively) and peaks of nitrous oxide emissions (120 and 480 mg m⁻² h⁻¹ at the low and high altitude sites, respectively). Incorporation of wheat straw at 3 Mg ha⁻¹ and/or cultivation of a nitrate catch crop during the transition season significantly reduced the build up of soil nitrate and subsequent N losses at the low altitude site. At the high altitude site, cumulative grain yields increased from 2.35 Mg ha⁻¹ with bare fallow during the transition season to 3.44 Mg ha⁻¹ when wheat straw was incorporated. At the low altitude site, the cumulative yield significantly increased from 2.85 Mg ha⁻¹ (bare fallow) to between 3.63 and 6.63 Mg ha⁻¹, depending on the transition season option applied. Irrespective of the site and the land use option applied during the transition season, systems N balances remained largely negative, ranging from −37 to −84 kg N ha⁻¹. We conclude that despite reduced N losses and increased grain yields the proposed options need to be complemented with additional N inputs to sustain long-term productivity.     

金花茶松散型愈伤组织诱导与悬浮细胞系建立

采用组织培养及显微观察技术,以金花茶植株茎段、叶片、花药及离体培养的金花茶体细胞胚为试验材料,对松散型愈伤组织的获得及悬浮细胞系的建立进行了研究。结果表明:在黑暗条件下,以金花茶体细胞胚切块为外植体,在MS+KT 0.5 mg/L+NAA 8.0 mg/L+硝酸银5mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L培养基上诱导出愈伤组织后,将其转接到该诱导培养基上连续培养3个月,最后从培养物中挑选状态良好的松散型愈伤组织在分别含有肌醇与硝酸银的2种培养基上交替培养,可以获得金花茶松散型愈伤组织;方差分析表明:蔗糖添加量、肌醇添加量及硝酸银添加量均对金花茶悬浮培养液细胞密度有显著影响且后两者分别与光照条件存在相互作用;将松散型愈伤组织在分别添加100 mg/L肌醇与2.5 mg/L硝酸银的液体增殖培养基上交替培养,可以建立并保持金花茶悬浮细胞系。该研究结果可为金花茶大规模细胞培养提供科学依据。     

设施菜地土壤氮素运移及淋溶损失模拟评价

设施菜地因大水大肥管理方式导致的氮素淋失已成为当前关注焦点。探寻氮素淋失阻控技术需要首先探明土壤中NO_3~--N的运移和淋失过程,找到淋失阻控的关键点,从而实现蔬菜栽培高产量低环境成本。本研究以京郊设施菜地黄瓜-番茄轮作系统为研究对象,通过田间试验获取土壤温度、湿度、NO_3~--N含量等数据,对反硝化-分解(DNDC)模型进行参数校验,并以农民常规种植模式为基线情景,设置改变土壤基础性质、灌溉量、施氮量等不同情景,运用DNDC模型对设施菜地系统土壤氮素运移及淋溶损失进行定量评价。结果表明:经验证后的DNDC模型能够较好地模拟蔬菜产量、5 cm土壤温度和0～20 cm土壤孔隙含水率变化以及NO_3~--N的迁移过程,是模拟和评价氮素运移和损失的有效工具。模拟不同情景表明,设施菜地0～60 cm土壤NO_3~--N累积主要受灌溉水量和氮肥施入量的影响,此外土壤pH和土壤有机碳的变化也是影响NO_3~--N运移的重要因子。节水节肥是设施菜地氮素淋失减量的最有效方法,相比常规措施,同时减少20%灌溉量和20%施氮量可明显降低59.04%的NO_3~--N淋失量。同时,在节水节肥的基础上改变灌溉方式并提高20%土壤有机碳含量,在保证蔬菜产量的前提下,能够进一步降低69.04%的NO_3~--N淋失量。可见, DNDC模型为设施菜地NO_3~--N淋失评价和阻控提供了一个较好的解决方案。在当前重点关注减氮节水等管理措施的同时,提高土壤本身的质量,不失为一种更有效的减少设施菜地氮素淋失的途径。     

华北平原潮土区粮田氮淋失阻控措施及效果分析

华北平原潮土区是我国重要的粮食主产区,改革开放40多年来该区农业经历了以高水肥投入为主要特征的集约化进程,相应的氮淋失导致的面源污染自20世纪90年代以来不断加剧。本研究针对华北平原潮土为主要类型的粮田,对过去40多年间主要研究文献进行全面分析,梳理氮肥和水分投入与氮淋失之间的定量关系,比较主要农田管理措施对氮淋失的阻控效果及其机理,以期为我国农业面源污染提供决策支持。研究发现,氮肥和灌溉是影响华北平原潮土区粮田氮淋失的主要因素,其中氮淋失与氮盈余量之间呈指数关系,比与施氮量的指数关系更显著。基于机器学习的随机森林回归模型能够考虑包括施肥、灌溉、土壤条件和气象等多因素对氮淋失的影响,未来在定量预测中有较好前景。同等氮肥投入条件下,由于氮供应与作物吸收契合度高,有机无机配施能显著降低氮淋失。以缓控释肥、尿酶和硝化抑制剂为代表的肥料增效剂可以降低约1/3的氮淋失,值得重点推广应用。秸秆还田可以实现包括提高土壤有机物和微生物氮库、增加无机氮缓冲容量等综合效益,有利于降低氮淋失风险(降低比例达10%),但免耕的阻控效应较低且呈现较大不确定性。调整种植制度、休耕、间作套种和种植填闲作物等措施会影响粮食产量,推广过程中应慎重。氮淋失的阻控效果更多受到社会、经济和政策等因素的影响,今后应采取包括生态补偿等手段发挥农民主动性,从政策和法律法规层面创造实施氮淋失阻控措施的社会环境。     

褐土区氮磷在土壤发生层中淋溶的差异性

农业氮磷淋溶已经成为地下水污染最普遍和突出的问题。为揭示氮磷在包气带不同土层的淋溶特征,以典型褐土的5个土壤发生层（耕层、淋溶层、钙积层、黏化层和母质层）为研究对象,采用室内土柱模拟淋溶试验,在施肥量相同的条件下分析不同形态氮磷淋溶量,研究氮磷在不同土壤发生层中的迁移特征及其影响因素。结果表明：1）进行5次淋溶,耕层、淋溶层、钙积层、黏化层和母质层淋溶液中可溶性总氮总量分别为2412.63 mg·L^-1、3028.94 mg·L^-1、244.16 mg·L^-1、3648.99 mg·L^-1和3356.51 mg·L^-1,淋溶层、黏化层和母质层可溶性总氮淋溶量显著高于耕层,而钙积层可溶性总氮淋溶量较耕层显著减少;耕层淋溶液中可溶性总磷总量为0.52 mg·L^-1,且显著高于其他4层。2）在试验初期,耕层、淋溶层的硝态氮、可溶性总氮和正磷酸盐淋溶量显著高于黏化层和母质层,进行到第4、5次淋溶,黏化层、母质层的硝态氮和可溶性总氮淋溶量显著高于其他3层,而各发生层间正磷酸盐淋溶量无显著差异;单次淋溶黏化层和母质层铵态氮淋溶量均显著高于其他3层,而耕层可溶性总磷淋溶量始终显著高于其他各层。3）耕层和钙积层的淋溶液中硝态氮是氮素淋溶的主要形态,占可溶性总氮比例分别为69.0%和85.4%,而在淋溶层、黏化层和母质层中分别为41.3%、5.1%和4.6%;在可溶性磷中,以无机态正磷酸盐为主,最高占可溶性总磷的75.9%。4）土壤有机质含量、阳离子交换量、黏粒含量对土壤氮磷的迁移转化有明显主导作用。有机质与氮磷淋溶量呈显著正相关关系,有机质含量高,会增加淋溶初期氮磷的淋溶风险;而阳离子交换量和黏粒含量则与氮磷淋溶呈显著负相关关系,阳离子交换量大和黏粒多能减少氮磷素的淋溶风险。该试验结果说明,由于5种发生层土壤理化性质不同,各发生层氮磷淋溶特征及其淋溶形态也有差异,并且氮磷的淋溶受土壤本身阳离子交换量、黏粒和有机质含量的影响。     

SWAT模拟耕作方式与盐分对区域土壤氮运移及作物产量影响

耕作方式与土壤盐渍化是影响河套灌区氮素流失及作物产量的重要因素.明确不同耕作方式与盐渍化水平下硝态氮运移量及作物产量的变化,可为制定合理的灌区耕作措施及盐渍化治理方案提供理论依据,对于揭示灌区氮素流失控制及不同作物增产潜力具有重要意义.该研究基于验证后的SWAT(Soil and Water Assessment To...