物种敏感性分布在土壤中镍生态阈值建立中的应用研究

本文利用不同累计概率分布函数拟合了基于中国土壤的17个物种的镍毒理学数据。结果表明,BurrⅢ在X轴（浓度）方向及Y轴的较小累计概率范围内拟合优度较佳。在构建土壤中镍物种敏感性分布曲线时,利用镍生物毒害模型归一化处理能修正土壤性质的影响且可更好地体现物种敏感性差异,相比于未归一化处理的结果更具科学性。在此基础上结合镍的生物毒害模型利用BurrⅢ构建了中国土壤4种典型情景中的物种敏感性分布曲线,同时确定了不同土壤情景下的镍生态阈值,即酸性土壤、中性土壤（包括水稻土）、碱性非石灰性土壤和石灰性土壤的镍生态阈值分别为6.5、47.5、218.8mg.kg-1和120.3mg.kg-（1以土壤中外源镍为单位）。     

硝酸镍对水稻抗白叶枯病的诱导作用

硝酸镍溶液喷施处理后 ,水稻幼苗的白叶枯病发病程度降低 .经平板测定 ,硝酸镍对稻白叶枯菌只有轻微的直接毒性 ,表明水稻幼苗白叶枯病病情减弱 ,主要由于硝酸镍诱导了水稻幼苗对白叶枯病的抗性 .0 .0 5～2 .75 mmol/ L的硝酸镍均有明显的诱抗作用 ,其中 2 .2 m mol/ L为最佳诱导浓度 .2 .2 m mol/ L硝酸镍喷施处理后 ,水稻幼苗叶片病斑长比对照降低了 6 9.6 % .处理后第 3d水稻幼苗表现出最大的诱导抗性 .用 2 .2 mm ol/ L喷雾处理第 3叶以下部位 ,第 4d挑战接种第 3叶 ,使第 3叶产生了对白叶枯病的系统抗性 ,相对诱导效果达 42 .9% .硝酸镍的诱导抗病作用持续 2 1 d左右     

Ni^2+对钝顶螺旋藻生长及藻胆蛋白含量的影响

为研究Ni^2+对螺旋藻生长的影响,采用室内培养法,在培养液中添加不同质量浓度的Ni^2+,对螺旋藻的生长曲线、生物量、吸收光谱以及藻胆蛋白含量进行了测定和分析。试验结果显示,当Ni^2+质量浓度为0~0.5μg/mL时,随着质量浓度的增加,藻胆蛋白含量增加,螺旋藻生长加快,累积的螺旋藻生物量增加;0.5μg/mL的Ni^2+对螺旋藻生长、生物量累积和藻胆蛋白含量具有最大促进作用;0.5μg/mL的Ni^2+处理,导致螺旋藻叶绿素a在蓝紫光区的吸收光谱发生明显变化,440 nm的吸收峰消失,而在430 nm和450 nm处分别出现一个吸收峰;Ni^2+对藻蓝蛋白和别藻蓝蛋白的吸收光谱没有显著影响。当Ni^2+质量浓度达到1.0μg/mL时,螺旋藻仍能正常生长。试验结果表明,0.5μg/mL的微量Ni^2+通过改变螺旋藻叶绿素a在蓝紫光区的吸收光谱,提高藻胆蛋白含量,从而促进螺旋藻的生长和生物量的累积,是促进螺旋藻生长的最佳Ni^2+质量浓度,为降低螺旋藻生产成本,以及利用螺旋藻治理水体镍污染提供科学依据。     

黑土施镍对大豆幼苗生长的影响及镍中毒研究

为分析镍对大豆幼苗生长的影响及毒害作用,以黑土作为供试土壤,采用盆栽方法,研究了不同施镍水平下大豆幼苗的生长情况,并对大豆幼苗镍中毒临界值及中毒程度进行分析。结果表明:随着施镍量的增加,大豆植株鲜重、干重均呈先增加后降低的趋势。通过对土壤有效镍与大豆植株干重、土壤有效镍与植株含镍量进行拟合,推导出大豆幼苗生长状态最佳时的土壤有效镍含量为10.88 mg/kg,植株含镍量为26.46 mg/kg;中毒临界值(即某一施镍水平下的植株干物质累积量与不施镍处理相同)土壤有效镍为21.25 mg/kg,植株含镍量38.80 mg/kg;奢侈吸收区间黑土有效镍含量为10.88~21.25 mg/kg。以某一施镍水平下的干重占空白干重的90%~100%为轻度中毒分界点,得出大豆幼苗处于轻度中毒状态时的土壤有效镍含量为21.25~44.76mg/kg,此时植株镍含量为38.80~68.14mg/kg;促使大豆植株出现中度中毒时(干重为空白的80%~90%)的土壤有效镍含量为44.76~69.62mg/kg,此时植株镍含量为68.14~95.48 mg/kg;当土壤有效镍含量>69.62 mg/kg时,大豆植株则处于高度中毒状态(干重为空白的80%以下),此时植株含镍量>95.48 mg/kg。     

新型高选择性水杨酸根离子电极的研究

[目的]采用紫外可见光谱技术研究电极响应机理。[方法]首次研制基于二苯甲酮缩氨基硫脲合镍(Ⅱ)金属配合物[Ni(Ⅱ)-BBKT]为中性载体的电位型阴离子选择性电极。[结果]该电极对水杨酸根(Sal-)具有优良的电位响应性能和选择性,在磷酸盐缓冲体系(pH 5.0)中电极电位呈现近能斯特响应,线性响应范围为5.9×10-5～1.0×10-1mo l/L,斜率为-55.9 mV/dec(25℃),检测下限为8.2×10-5mol/L,其选择性次序为Sal->ClO4->SCN->I->NO2>Br->NO3->Cl->SO32-。[结论]该离子选择性电极具有设备简单,操作方便,测量的范围宽广,灵敏度高等优点,在医学和环境监测中具有一定的应用前景。     

Imidazole‐dicarboxylic Acid Nickel Complex as a Novel Grafting Agent for Pearl Oyster,Pinctada martensii

In the pearl cultivation industry, the implantation of the nucleus is a critical step in the production process. The surgical insertion of the nucleus and the mantle results in a wound and stress that affect not only the survival chances of the pearl oysters but also the quality of the pearls produced. This study proposes a synthesized imidazole‐dicarboxylic acid nickel complex that may hold potential in assisting the wound healing and nacre formation processes. The acute toxicity of the complex to pearl oysters, Pinctada martensii, was examined in a dose–response study over a 90‐h exposure. The safe concentrations of the nickel complex determined using probit analysis were 0.916 mg/L and 0.471 mg/L for 72‐h and 96‐h treatments, respectively. The reliability of the regression was verified using the chi‐square test. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in different regions of the treated and control oysters, along with relevant blood biochemical indices, were measured over a 90‐d period to predict the potential effects of the nickel complex on wound healing and nacre formation. A significant increase in ALP activity in the mantle, together with elevated blood levels of Mg (II) and globulin, and reduced blood levels of Zn (II) and blood urea nitrogen were observed. These results indicate that the prepared nickel complex may hold promise in helping wound healing post mantle implantation, promote the secretion of nacre, and enhance the immunity of the oysters, thus ultimately improving the yield and quality of the pearls.     

Influence of soil properties on Ni accumulation in food crops and corresponding dietary health risk with a typical Chinese diet

Nickel (Ni), an essential micronutrient, is toxic to plants and animals at elevated levels. Fewer data are available on the dynamics of Ni than for trace metals such as Cu and Zn. Dietary intake is the major source of Ni, but almost no information is available on dietary intake for Asian populations whose diet contains much less animal products and processed foods than in Western countries. In south‐eastern China, most food is grown on peri‐urban agricultural land and thus, food crops from these areas should be the major source of dietary Ni. A large‐scale survey of Ni in soils and edible crops, including 515 sites and 24 crop species from 10 crop groups, was conducted in Fujian Province, SE China, to assess Ni intake for a typical SE Asian diet. Correlation, principal component analysis (PCA) and data mining were used to identify soil and plant factors that determine Ni accumulation in crops. Both soil Ni content and plant species contributed to Ni accumulation. Crop Ni (Ni_crop) was positively correlated with soil Ni DTPA‐extractible (diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) (Ni_DTPA) for many crops. PCA did not identify strong relations between soil‐to‐crop transfer factors and any soil properties. Stepwise linear correlations found positive correlations between Ni_crop and Ni_DTPA; however, relationships between Ni_crop and both silt content and pH varied between crops. Dietary intake of foods containing mean Ni content could lead to health risks, especially for children. It was concluded that sandy soils, rich in organic matter with a large Ni content, are unsuitable for the production of rice and legumes.     

光纤酸性化学镀镍工艺

系统研究了石英光纤表面酸性化学镀镍工艺，同时研究了温度、主盐浓度、pH等影响镀层表面形貌的因素.得到石英光纤敏化、活化的最佳温度为35 ℃.最佳施镀条件为: 次磷酸钠浓度为 0.2 mol/L,镀液中镍离子与次磷酸钠的质量浓度比为0.35，pH值为4.8，温度为88 ℃.在优化的工艺条件下，发现光纤施镀前预处理过程中的粗化不是得到连续镀层的必要条件.在未经粗化的石英光纤表面得到了均匀、连续、光亮、细腻、附着力良好的镍镀层，镀层的沉积速率为5.76 μm/h.     

金属泡沫镍负载纳米TiO2光催化降解甲醛和VOCs

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了3种掺杂金属离子的纳米TiO₂光催化剂,并将其负载于泡沫镍板上,以室内空气典型污染物甲醛和VOCs为模型反应物,研究了对甲醛和VOCs气体的光催化作用并讨论了La³⁺的最佳掺杂比例以及环境因素对光催化效率的影响.结果表明:该TiO₂催化剂具有良好的锐钛矿型结构;负载掺La 1.5%TiO₂的泡沫镍板90min对甲醛和VOCs的降解率分别为94%和87%,远高于未掺:83%和72%,掺Fe     

我国小麦镍的污染调查及健康风险评估

为了解我国小麦主产区小麦镍的污染情况及暴露风险,本研究收集北方冬麦区、南方冬麦区和春麦区小麦样品3 444份,采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法检测镍含量,分析小麦镍污染水平及分布特征;基于全麦籽粒镍含量的分布,采用蒙特卡洛法估算我国成人和儿童小麦镍的暴露剂量水平,采用美国环境保护署(USEPA)的暴露剂量-反应外推模型,评价小麦镍的暴露健康风险。结果表明,我国3个小麦主产区小麦镍平均含量为0.225 mg·kg^-1,南方冬麦区小麦镍污染水平显著高于其他2个产区,最高值达4.779 mg·kg^-1。 膳食暴露评估结果显示,我国成人和儿童小麦镍的单位体重日均暴露量(ADD)分别为6.31×10^-4和8.32×10^-4 mg·kg^-1·d^-1;与不同国际组织推荐的参考摄入剂量(RfD)相比,成人和儿童ADD值超过RfD值的人群概率范围分别为0~0.23%和0.02%~0.49%。风险评估结果显示,小麦镍暴露不会对我国大部分居民产生明显的健康影响,但少数高暴露人群可能潜存健康隐患。本研究结果为我国小麦重金属污染安全监管、标准制定和风险评价提供了科学依据。