石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定水中铜铅镉镍铬的方法研究

建立了石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定水中铜、铅、镉、镍、铬的分析方法。优化了仪器条件,通过检出限、精密度和准确度的测试,验证了该方法在金属元素分析中的准确性和有效性,能够满足环境水样中铜、铅、镉、镍、铬的分析要求。     

绿洲区土壤镍的吸附解吸特性

土壤重金属的移动性和生物有效性与重金属的吸附解吸及形态分布密切相关.通过序批试验、单步提取和连续提取的方法,研究绿洲区土壤镍(Ni)的吸附解吸特性.结果发现:①所研究的土壤呈现碱性,具低有机质含量和高碳酸盐含量特征,土壤未被镍所污染;②Freundlich可以用来模拟绿洲区土壤对镍的吸附行为.吸附能力与土壤粉粒、黏粒、全磷、有机质、CEC成显著正相关,而与砂粒成显著负相关,土壤pH并不是影响绿洲区土壤吸附镍的重要因子,绿洲区土壤对镍的吸附不是哪一个土壤理化参数所控制,而可能是土壤理化参数的联合控制;③绿洲区土壤镍的解吸量随土壤中镍吸附量的增加而增加,土壤镍解吸量与解吸前吸附量的关系可以用幂函数进行模拟;④在添加50 mg/L镍的条件下,绿洲区土壤吸附的镍主要以铁-锰结合态、碳酸盐结合态和可交换态为主.     

不同钙镁比处理对三种超富集植物生长及吸收重金属的影响

通过水培实验研究了不同钙镁比(Ca/Mg=0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0)对Zn/Cd超富集植物东南景天(Sedum alfredii)、Zn/Cd/Ni超富集植物遏蓝菜(Noccaca caerulescens)和Ni超富集植物庭荠属(Alyssum murale)在20 mg Zn·L~(-1)、18 mg Ni·L~(-1)、10 mg Pb·L~(-1)和0.5 mg Cd·L~(-1)胁迫下生长和吸收重金属的影响。研究结果显示:A.murale具有很强的将Ni从地下部转移至地上部的能力(转移系数TF达5.98~11.19)和较高的地上部Ca/Mg比(2.45~16.74);N.caerulescens对Mg转移能力(TFMg为1.43~3.70)大于Ca(TFCa为0.77~1.38);S.alfredii对Mg的转移能力与Ca相似。N.caerulescens在正常营养液(Ca/Mg=2)条件下获得最好的生长和地上部最大Zn/Cd/Ni含量,增加Ca或Mg的供给都会产生抑制作用;A.murale在高Ca(Ca/Mg=6)供给时获得最大的生物量和Ni含量,增Ca有助于地上部Ni的累积,但增Mg降低了地上部Ni含量;增加Ca的供给会增加S.alfredii地上部和地下部的Zn含量,增加Ca或Mg的供给都会增加S.alfredii地下部Cd的含量,但S.alfredii在Ca/Mg=0.2时获得最大的生物量和最大的Zn和Cd含量。S.alfredii、A.murale和N.caerulescens地上部分别在Ca/Mg比为6、0.2、1.0时获得最大的Pb含量,其他Ca/Mg比对三种超富集植物地上部吸收Pb均没有产生显著影响。Ca/Mg比对超富集植物富集重金属能力的影响因植物种类和元素而异。     

外源铜和镍在土壤中的化学形态及其老化研究

采用连续提取法测定了外源铜和镍进入田间土壤后的化学形态分布,比较研究了这2种重金属在3种不同类型土壤(红壤,水稻土和潮土)中随老化时间的形态转化和分布.结果表明,外源铜以残留态(40%～60%)和EDTA可提取态(40%)为主;随老化时间,EDTA可提取态、易还原锰结合态及铁铝氧化态向残留态转化;外源镍在酸性红壤中以可交换态(40%)和残留态(30%～50%)为主,在中性水稻土中以EDTA可提取态(30%)和残留态(30%～50%)为主,在碱性潮土中以铁铝氧化态(20%)和残留态(40%)为主.随老化时间,水溶态、可交换态、EDTA可提取态等向残留态转化.土壤pH较低时水溶态和可交换态含量较高,但是同时随老化时间的降低量也明显;pH较高时有利于易还原锰结合态和有机质结合态的转化.     

熔融盐-镍协同催化生物质热解制取富氢气体

在固定床反应器中研究了(Na_2CO_3-NaOH)熔融盐和镍对生物质三组分纤维素、半纤维素和木质素热解制氢的影响。结果表明,熔融盐中的氢氧化钠能吸收三组分热解产气中CO_2,从而有利于合成气中的CO转化成H2。熔融盐含有的碱金属Na~+和OH~-分别能促进半纤维素与纤维素、木质素的热解,木质素热解产氢量最高可达到1 148 m L/g,H2体积分数达到90.7%。熔融盐-镍协同作用时可以降低三组分产气中CH_4含量,与单独添加熔融盐相比,纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的CH_4产量分别下降35.0%、24.5%和12.0%。在熔融盐-镍的存在下,纤维素、半纤维素和木质素的最高产氢量分别达到910、714和1 106 m L/g,H2体积分数分别为77.6%,77.8%和91.6%。     

Spectrophotometric Determination of Nickel(II) in Soil and Standard Alloy Samples Using 5-Methyl-2-acetylfuran-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (5-MAFMT)

A simple and selective spectrophotometric method was developed for the determination of nickel(II) using 5-methyl-2-acetylfuran-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (5-MAFMT) as a chromogenic reagent forming a yellow-colored complex at pH 9.5. The complex was instantaneous and stable for 5 h. The system obeyed Beer’s law in the concentration range of 0.06–0.60 µg/mL of nickel(II), with a correlation coefficient of 0.999. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity of the complex species were found to be 1.87 × 10⁴ L/mol.cm and 1.2 × 10^–3 µg/cm² at 361 nm, respectively. The limit of detection was 0.0713 µg/mL with the relative standard deviation (RSD) ≤1.0%. The proposed method is rapid, simple, sensitive, and successfully applied for the determination of nickel(II) when present alone or in the presence of other ions that are usually associated with nickel(II). The method was tested for nickel (II) determination in soil and various standard alloy samples. The recovery of nickel(II) in alloy samples using the developed method was >98% confirming the suitability of the method. Comparisons of the results with those obtained using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer for nickel(II) determination also tested the validity of the method at the 0.05 level.     

工艺参数对木材化学镀镍金属沉积速率的影响

用点滴加入镀液的方法进行了木材化学镀镍试验,分析施镀温度、镀液pH值和施镀时间等对镍金属沉积速率的影响,得出比较理想的镀镍工艺条件.     

Regeneration and reuse of exhausted solutions of electroless nickel plating wood veneer

The regeneration of exhausted solutions of electroless nickel plating wood veneer was realized using soluble calcium salt to precipitate and remove phosphite and then using fluoride to remove residual calcium ions from the solution. The effect of the pH value of the solution, treatment temperature and the molar ratio of calcium ions to phosphite ions on the removal efficiency of phosphite was investigated. Wood veneer was electroless plated using regenerated solutions. A coating with better electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding was obtained. __________ Translated from Journal of Northeast Forestry University, 2005, 33(3): 47–48 [译自: 东北林业大学学报, 2005, 33(3): 47–48]     

不同草本植物对铜镍复合胁迫的生理耐受性

为探究草本植物在铜镍复合胁迫下的生理生长响应及其耐受性,以4种甘肃主栽的草本植物(黑麦草、早熟禾、清水苜蓿和鹰嘴紫云英)为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,通过设置不同铜镍复合胁迫浓度(0、100、200、400、800、1 600 mg·kg^-1),测定植物的生长和生理生化指标,并利用线性逐步回归和隶属函数分析法综合评价4种草本植物在铜镍复合胁迫下的耐受性。结果表明：铜镍复合胁迫下,4种植物的株高、地上和地下生物量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿体色素含量、叶片相对含水量和根系活力显著降低(P<0.05),与CK相比,分别下降86.83%～90.54%、49.40%～61.50%和44.44%～82.25%、24.47%～44.26%、45.91%～70.22%、25.04%～36.59%、17.59%～20.98%和14.71%～69.32%;根冠比、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量、SOD、POD和CAT活性先升高后降低,其峰值较CK分别上升1.42%～35.88%、264.91%～743.65%和65.93%～327.81%、23.23%～86.38%、131.62%～17...     

Behaviour of cadmium and nickel in a soil amended with sewage sludge

Various urban and industrial sewage sludges were applied to a soil at two doses (50 and 100 t ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) during eight years in a field experiment. The soil was analysed at two depths (0–30 and 30–60 cm) for extractable cadmium and nickel. In general these trace metal increased with dosage. However, cadmium formed complexes with organic matter and nickel bound to iron and manganese oxides. Hence, the available fractions of these metals constituted a small proportion of the total content. The results obtained show a low risk of contamination due to the available fractions of these metals at sludges dosages of up to 100 t ha⁻¹. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.