氯化镍对拟南芥生长发育和生理生化指标的影响

本研究以拟南芥为材料,系统地研究了不同浓度氯化镍(NiCl2)对拟南芥生长发育及某些生理生化指标的影响,为重金属的毒理学研究提供新的实验依据。主要的实验结果:1.培养基经NiCl2处理后,拟南芥种子的萌发受到抑制。随NiCl2处理浓度的提高,拟南芥种子的发芽势和发芽率都有明显降低,350 u M的NiCl2处理后,种子不能正常萌发出子叶,其发芽率为0。NiCl2对拟南芥根的生长也有显著抑制作用,处理的拟南芥幼苗根短,侧根数目少。NiCl2处理的幼苗地上部分的生长发育同样受到抑制,苗弱小,叶片失绿。NiCl2处理的幼苗在培养土中生长一段时间后观察发现,50 uM、100 uM NiCl2处理过的植株生长发育及开花结实与对照无明显差异,150 uM NiCl2处理过的植株比较矮小且开花晚、结实率低;NiCl2处理浓度达到250 uM时,植株最为弱小并且不能正常开花、结实。2.拟南芥幼苗经NiCl2处理10 d后,随NiCl2处理浓度的升高,拟南芥幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量显著降低;malonaldehyde(MDA)、proline(Pro)的含量和相对电导率都呈上升趋势。上述生理生化指标说明,NiCl2处理影响了拟南芥的正常生理生化反应,导致拟南芥的叶片失绿,MDA和Pro积累,膜透性增强。     

植物营养元素—Ni

本文从Ni的生理功能 ,Ni与酶活性 ,植物对Ni的吸收与运转 ,植物缺Ni的症状 ,Ni的毒害作用与植物对Ni的耐性等 6个方面论述了Ni对植物生长发育的重要性与必要性。     

纳米镍催化树脂酸歧化反应的研究（Ⅰ）——树脂酸组成的研究

将纳米镍催化剂首次应用于树脂酸的歧化反应中。在溶剂存在条件下，进行松香的歧化反应，对不同催化剂催化下的歧化松香组成尤其是酸性部分的组成进行了分析。将DEAE—Sephadax子交换色谱法应用于歧化松香酸性物与中性物的分离。对纳米镍催化松香歧化过程中树脂酸的组成进行了跟踪分析。     

Ni在桑细胞内的分布及其结合物的分离

利用细胞分级离心和凝胶层析技术对桑细胞内的Ｎｉ分布及其存在形态作了探讨。细胞可溶性组分中含Ｎｉ量最高（叶片Ｆ＿３占５１％－６４％，根系Ｆ＿３占７４％－８４％），而各种细胞器组分中仅占０．４％－３．４％。细胞可溶性组分中存在的Ｎｉ，大部分与低分子量的蛋白质或多肽类物质一起溶出，因此推测，这种结合有可能是减轻植物金属元素毒害的途径之一。     

污灌对塿土镍形态的影响

本文采用田间调查的方法研究了长期污灌对土镍形态的影响，探讨了用土壤镍形态作为指标评价土壤镍污染的可能性。结果表明，污灌带入到土壤中的镍聚集在土壤耕层，未向下迁移转化，污灌能明显增加耕层土壤碳酸盐结合态，铁锰氧化物结合态和有机质结合态镍的量，对残渣态镍没有影响。     

Significance of Nickel Supply for Growth and Chlorophyll Content of Wheat Supplied with Urea or Ammonium Nitrate

ABSTRACT

Nickel (Ni) is an essential element for activation of urease in higher plants. The effects of Ni as an essential micronutrient on growth and chlorophyll content of wheat plants grew in nutrient solutions supplied either with ammonium nitrate or urea as two different nitrogen (N) sources were investigated. Plants were allowed to grow for six weeks, then leaf chlorophyll content, shoot and root fresh and dry weights, and Ni concentration in shoots and roots were determined. Shoot and root Ni concentration in both urea and ammonium nitrate-fed plants increased significantly with the increase in Ni concentration. Growth and chlorophyll content in leaves of the urea-fed plants increased when Ni concentration in the solution was as high as 0.05 mg L^?1 and decreased at 0.1 mg Ni L^?1. In ammonium nitrate-fed plants, these parameters increased up to 0.01 mg Ni L^?1 and started to decrease with further increase in Ni concentration. Plants that grew in nutrient solutions containing urea had more shoots and roots fresh and dry weight at third and fourth Ni levels (0.05 and 0.1 mg L^?1) than those that grew in media containing ammonium nitrate with similar Ni levels. Total chlorophyll content was also higher in plants supplied with urea plus Ni. The amount of Ni required for optimum wheat growth was dependent on the forms of N used. When supplied with ammonium nitrate or urea, the amount of Ni needed was 0.01 and 0.05 mgL^?1 of nutrient solutions, respectively.     

Effect of partial urea application on nutrient absorption by hydroponically grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.)

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea cv. Okame) was grown in hydroponic pot culture with an Enshi nutrient solution amended with 0, 20, or 50% urea with or without nickel addition (Ni; 0.05 mg L^-1), while the total concentration of N (17.33 mmol L^-1) remained constant in all the cases to evaluate the effect of partial urea application, with or without the addition of Ni, on the absorption of NO³-N, urea-N, NH₄-N, minerals (e.g. Ca, K, Mg, P) by plants. Fresh and dry weight of the shoots was highest when a 20% urea solution with Ni addition was used. The variation in spinach yield was related to the absorption of total-N by the plants. The absorption of total-N, attributed mainly to NO₃-N and urea-N, differed between the treatments. In the case of short-term absorption, determination by using ¹⁵N-urea and ¹⁵N-KNO₃ showed that, the urea-N absorption significantly increased with the increase in the urea concentration in the nutrient solution. When the urea solutions were used, regardless of Ni addition, the absorption of NO₃-N was more than four times higher than that of urea-No The addition of Ni in the urea solutions stimulated and increased both urea-N and NO₃-N absorption. In the case of long-term absorption, the NO₃-N absorption decreased with the decrease of the NO₃-N concentration when NO₃-N was partially replaced with urea in the nutrient solution. The addition of Ni in the urea solutions resulted in the increase of the absorption of both urea-N and NO₃-N, but the NO₃-N absorption remained lower in all the treatments compared to the control. In the urea solutions, the absorption of urea-N with or without the addition of Ni increased at a lower rate over time (sampling stages). Application of urea, with or without the addition of Ni in the nutrient solution, increased Ca absorption but decreased K and Mg absorption, whereas, P absorption was unaffected. It is suggested that spinach could grow adequately in an Enshi nutrient solution modified with 20% urea with the addition of 0.05 mg Ni L^-1, when urea totally replaced NH₄-N and partially replaced NO₃-N.     

多功能复合菌对玉米幼苗镍和镉胁迫的解毒特征及其机理

微生物可通过与植物的共生作用来降低重金属对植物的毒性,在重金属污染土壤低碳和绿色修复方面具有重要的应用价值。通过水培实验研究了沙福芽孢杆菌N4和睾丸酮丛毛单胞菌ZG2复合菌对玉米幼苗镍（Ni）和镉（Cd）胁迫的解毒特征及其机制。结果表明,在Ni和Cd胁迫浓度为5~20 mg·L^-1的水培条件下,玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长都受到了明显的影响,而复合菌可通过与玉米幼苗的共生作用进行生长繁殖,降低了Ni和Cd对玉米幼苗生长的毒害作用,进而提高了玉米幼苗的株高、主根长、生物量以及叶绿素SPAD值。在Ni和Cd的胁迫浓度均为5、10、20 mg·L^-1的条件下,与对照相比,复合菌可使玉米幼苗茎叶部Ni含量分别降低42.2%、37.0%、35.1%,Cd含量分别降低25.8%、27.2%、28.4%,叶片内较高毒性形态（乙醇提取态和去离子水提取态） Ni的分布比例之和降低13.9%~21.5%,Cd的分布比例之和降低14.7%~20.3%,叶片细胞器中Ni的分布比例降低12.1%~17.0%,Cd的分布比例降低20.7%~29.3%,使Ni胁迫下玉米幼苗茎叶部的Mg含量分别增加21.0%、39.0%、24.1%,Cd胁迫下玉米幼苗茎叶部的Mg含量分别增加29.4%、11.4%、35.9%,并且随着Mg浓度的增加,叶片Ni和Cd的含量进一步降低。研究表明复合菌通过降低玉米幼苗对Ni和Cd的吸收,促进叶片中Ni和Cd向较低毒性形态转化,降低叶片细胞器中Ni和Cd的占比,提高玉米幼苗对Mg的吸收等机制降低Ni和Cd对玉米幼苗的毒性作用,复合菌在Ni和Cd污染玉米耕地土壤修复方面具有重要的应用潜力。     

Effect of nickel and grafting combination on yield,fruit quality,antioxidative enzyme activities,lipid peroxidation,and mineral composition of tomato

Soil contamination by heavy metals negatively affects crop productivity, besides representing serious threat to human health. Grafting tomato onto appropriate rootstocks may raise Ni tolerance through limiting heavy metal uptake by roots and/or its translocation to the shoot and by detoxification. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the influence of long‐term Ni exposure (0, 25, or 50 µM) on crop productivity, fruit quality, leaf chlorophyll content, fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities in leaf, proline content, membrane lipid peroxidation, and mineral composition of tomato plants cv. Ikram, either self‐grafted or grafted onto three rootstocks: Black Beauty, Unifort, and Maxifort. Significant reduction in yield was observed in response to an increase in Ni concentration with more detrimental effects at 50 µM Ni. The fruit dry matter and total soluble solids content increased under severe Ni stress. The depression of crop performance under Ni toxicity was attributed to a decrease in leaf pigments (SPAD index), efficiency of PSII, macro‐ and microelements, and increase in lipid peroxidation and membrane damage. Plants grafted onto tomato rootstocks Maxifort and Unifort exhibited higher chlorophyll content, photochemical activity of PSII, antioxidant activity of APX and GPX, lower accumulation of MDA, and a better nutritional status (higher Ca and Fe, and lower Ni) in the leaf tissues in comparison with self‐grafted plants and those grafted onto Black Beauty. Plants grafted onto tomato rootstocks Unifort and especially Maxifort could minimize the nickel toxicity by improving nutritional status and detoxification processes.     

Growth of apple seedlings on sludge‐amended soils in the greenhouse

Abstract

Open pollinated ‘York Imperial’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seeds were germinated and grown for a period of 7 months in: (1) sand with complete nutrient solutions added; (2) limed and unlimed soil, (3) limed and unlimed soil amended with two different sewage sludges at rates of 25, 50 or 100 dry kg ha^‐1. A third composted, lime stabilized sludge was added either sieved or non‐sieved (to remove wood chips) at the same rates. The sludge materials used were: (1) a high metal, composted sludge from Baltimore, MD (BALT); (2) a high Cd sewage sludge (CITY) and (3) a low metal, composted sewage sludge from Washington, D.C. (DC).

Germination was unaffected by treatments. After 7 months, the best growth was obtained from the sand plus nutrient solution media. Two of the three sludge materials increased seedling growth over that of the soil, either limed or unlimed. The BALT compost treated soils produced the lowest growth, particularly when unlimed. Elevated tissue metal levels indicated that Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni were the probable causes of reduced growth noted from the BALT compost treatment. The use of soil with or without low metal sludges as media for early apple seedling growth when compared to standard sand culture is not recommended.