Macronutrient Balance of Nickel-Stressed Lettuce Plants Grown under Different Sulfur Levels

This study investigated whether intensive nutrition with sulfur–sulfate (S-SO₄) (2, 6, or 9 mM S) of nickel-stressed (0, 0.0004, 0.04, or 0.08 mM Ni) butterhead lettuce cv. Justyna may improve macronutrient balance and reduce Ni bioaccumulation. Nickel exposure resulted in various unfavorable changes in the macronutrient content together with increase of Ni accumulation in the biomass. Intensive S nutrition of Ni-treated lettuce seems to have no beneficial effect on macronutrient balance. In general, it significantly reduced the root and foliar phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and S content and simultaneously did not affect the magnesium (Mg) content in the biomass. At the same time, the nitrogen (N) content was reduced in roots and elevated in shoots. Supplementation of Ni-exposed lettuce with high S doses raised in roots and reduced foliar Ni accumulation; however, Ni content in useable parts exceeded the acceptable limits established for consumption.     

木材化学镀镍老化镀液的再生与回用

采用可溶性钙盐沉淀去除施镀木材的化学镀镍废液中的亚瞵酸根离子,再用氟化物去除残余的钙离子。主要研究了pH值、钙离子与亚磷酸根的浓度比、处理温度和时间对亚磷酸根去除率的影响。采用再生处理后的镀液施镀木材,可以得到具有良好导电性和电磁屏蔽性能的镀层。     

不同供镍水平对苹果植株~(15)N–尿素吸收分配的初步研究

以2年生富士/八棱海棠嫁接苗为试验材料,用5个供镍水平(Ni SO_4·6H_2O)的Hoagland营养液进行砂培,1个月后叶面喷施~(15)N标记的尿素,20 d后测定叶片的镍含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和植株~(15)N–尿素的分配、吸收及利用状况。结果表明:随着施镍量的增加,苹果叶片的镍含量相应增加。低供镍(每株0.5、1.0和2.0 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O)条件下,叶片的GS和SOD活性均不同程度地高于对照(0 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O),其中以单株施镍量1.0 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O处理效果最佳,但是高供镍(10 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O)处理的苹果叶片GS和SOD活性明显低于对照。低供镍(每株0.5、1.0和2.0 mg Ni SO_4·6H_2O)处理的植株~(15)N–尿素利用率均明显高于对照处理,以单株1.0 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O处理的利用率最高,为48.74%,是对照的1.71倍;单株10 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O处理的苹果植株~(15)N–尿素利用率则比对照降低38.26%。此外,镍还会影响苹果植株的~(15)N分配率,单株1.0 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O处理的植株根部~(~(15))N分配率最高,其次是叶片和茎部,其他处理的植株均以叶片部位~(15)N分配率最高。综上所述,适量供镍可以使苹果叶片GS和SOD活性增强,延缓叶片衰老,提高植株对尿素的吸收利用水平,而镍水平过高则影响苹果植株对尿素的吸收和分配。     

Plant Alkaline Fusion Technique Followed by Colorimetric Procedure for the Detection and Quantification of Total Silicon in Ornamental Plants

Silicon (Si)–determination procedures currently available require expensive equipment and must be modified to assess Si concentrations in plant tissues. A Si-determination procedure referred to as the plant alkaline fusion technique, or PAFT, was developed to assess total Si concentrations, specifically in plant tissue. The procedure consists of dry-ashing the plant material, alkaline fusion, solubilization of the fusion cake, dilution, and colorimetric determination to quantify total Si content. The fusion technique for solubilizing plant Si can be performed using sodium hydroxide (NaOH), nickel crucibles, and Bunsen burners. Silicon concentrations of two National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference materials (SRM) [pine needles (SRM 1575) and peach leaves (SRM 1547)], a rice straw standard (LSU#5), an NIST soil standard (SRM 2709), and five ornamental plant species were all assessed using the PAFT procedure, and then these values were compared to two different inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) procedures conducted by independent laboratories. The PAFT Si determination procedure typically reported the greatest value or was within 15% of the two ICP-OES procedures while costing significantly less than both ICP-OES procedures.     

混合动力镍氢动力电池参数辨识

为实现电池SOC（State of Charge)的精确估计与提高电池模型的精确性，采用等效电路模型PNGV电池试验手册中的标准电池模型，基于辅助变量法和最小二乘法相融合的方法提出了混合动力镍氢动力电池在线参数辨识方法，并利用MATLB/SIMULINK建立电池模型.仿真分析结果显示，所建立的电池模型电压最大误差为4.2 V，平均误差为0.57V，SOC的估计最大误差为0.048，平均误差为0.011，能很好地拟合真实数据.     

Manganese Fertilizer Requirement to Prevent Manganese Deficiency When Liming to Remediate Ni‐Phytotoxic Soils

Abstract

Nickel (Ni) contamination occurred near a Ni refinery at Port Colborne, Ontario, on soils susceptible to Mn deficiency. Previous studies showed that adding limestone to remediate these soils induced Mn deficiency in plants. This greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with Welland loam and Quarry muck soils to learn the application of MnSO₄ needed when these soils were limed. Limestone application, along with Mn fertilizer, allowed normal growth of oat and red beet known as sensitive to Ni phytotoxicity and Mn deficiency. Strontium (Sr)‐nitrate extractable Ni was a smooth function of slurry pH with much higher Ni extractable from the Welland loam than Quarry muck. Ni phytotoxicity was severe at low pH for the Welland loam but it was generally prevented by liming. No severe Mn deficiency was observed in this experiment when nitrogen was applied as combination of urea, ammonia, and nitrates. Manganese fertilization greatly improved Mn uptake by both crops in both soils.     

Frequency distribution of several trace metals in 72 corn plants grown together in contaminated soil in a glasshouse

Abstract

A 9‐kg quantity of Yolo loam soil was contaminated in sequence with (In μg/g soil) 100 Cd, 100 Zn, 100 Co, 12.5 Li, and 100 Ni. Corn (Zea mays L. C. V. Golden Cross N. C. ) was grown together in the soil for 22 days from seed. Seventy‐two harvested plants were assayed separately. Several different trace metals were tested for normal and loge frequency distribution patterns. Some followed log_e normal distribution more closely than a normal distribution as indicated by kurtosis values. Two followed normal distribution more closely than log_e normal distribution. Some negative skewness was observed with the log_e normal distribution, but only that for Co was significant. The yields of the plants were significantly and negatively correlated with the concentrations of Ni, Co, Cu, and Cd in shoots. Stepwise regression analysis indicated that it was reasonably Possible to determine which of the trace metals of the mixture caused phytotoxicity. Some pairs of trace metals were highly and positively correlated: Zn‐Cu, Zn‐Cd, Cu‐Cd, Mn‐Li, Co‐Ni, Co‐Cd are examples. The mixed trace metals decreased shoot concentrations of P and Mo and increased Al and Ti relative to control plants not receiving added metals. The Si was also decreased by trace metals and was positively related to yields.     

Synergistic trace metal effects in plants

Abstract

An experiment was conducted in Yolo loam soil with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen) with single and combination treatments of moderately high levels of Cd, Li, Cu, and Ni to test whether or not effects could be additive or synergistic. Copper and Ni together were more toxic than either alone. Copper, Ni, and Cd were more toxic together than any one alone. These effects were probably additive and may be related to a 0.2 pH change caused by Cu which increased uptake of Ni and Mn. Synergistic effects were observed in the Cd and Ni concentrations, especially in the stems of the plants. Because of these interactions, the effects were then tested in solution culture. In solution culture with bush beans Cu and Ni when applied together had synergistic effects on plant concentrations of P, Zn, and Fe (all were decreased) and on the Ni concentration in roots. Also, in solution culture with (2.5 × 10^‐5 M) Zn, Cu, and Cd added singly, in pairs, and together, Zn and Cu additively decreased Cd concentrations in roots. Synergistic effects on yield depressions were observed in solution culture for 5 × 10^‐5 M Zn + 3 × 10^‐5 M Cu+ 2 x10^‐5 M Ni. An additive effect on yield depression was observed for 2 × 10^‐4 MCd + 2 × 10^‐5 M Ni. There were many complex interactions among the trace metal concentrations in these plants.     

Impact of Pseudomonads and Ethylene on the Cadmium and Nickel Rhizofiltration of Sunflower,Squash, and Indian Mustard

Three hydroponic experiments were set up to study the rhizofiltration of cadmium (Cd) or nickel (Ni) from artificially contaminated nutrient solution with sunflower, squash, or Indian mustard. After 48 h of exposure with 2 mg L^?1 Cd‐contaminated water, 460, 415, or 1092 µg Cd g^?1 (dry weight) was detected in roots of 33‐day‐old sunflower and squash or in 50‐day‐old Indian mustard, respectively. As calculated, 1 g of root dry matter of the tested crop species removed 5.7–12.4% of total Cd content present in the nutrient solution. It was supposed that pseudomonads (soil rhizoplane bacteria) and the plant growth hormone ethylene can enhance the specific surface of roots and hence roots' metal adsorption capacity. As a trend, pretreatment of Indian mustard with Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria enhanced slightly the Cd (from 1793 to 2346 µg g^?1) or Ni (from 1088 to 1192 µg g^?1) concentration of roots. Cadmium concentration in roots was also enhanced from 2694 to 3273 µg g^?1 when the roots of Indian mustard were pretreated with Cd‐tolerant rather than Cd‐sensitive Pseudomonas cepacia. In spite of the occurrence of new root hairs, the pretreatment of roots with ethylene proved to be ineffective in enhancement of the Cd rhizofiltration capacity of Indian mustard.     

Productivity and Chemical Composition of Tomato and Cucumber Plants Growing in Nickel‐Polluted Soils Fertilized with Biona‐312

Abstract: The effect of ion‐exchange substrate Biona‐312 additions to nickel (Ni)–polluted soil on yield and mineral composition of cherry tomato and cucumber was evaluated. The plants were grown on the following media: untreated soil (the control series) and soil with added Ni (40 and 100 mg of Ni kg^?1, respectively) as well as Biona‐312 (2 and 5% mass additions, respectively). In the presence of 40 mg of Ni kg^?1 of soil, the plant yield did not change significantly, whereas in conditions of 100 of mg Ni kg^?1, it decreased significantly. Biona‐312 application on Ni‐polluted soil increased the productivity of both species. The content of macronutrients in the plant biomass varied depending on the growth stage, Ni level, and Biona‐312 dose. For both species, higher Ni content was observed in the aboveground organs than in roots, but tomato contained more Ni than cucumber. Biona application reduced the Ni content in plant biomass of both species after being introduced into soil with a higher Ni level.