Response of microbial communities to phytoremediation of nickel contaminated soils

Through pot experiment, effects of phytoremediation on microbial communities in soils at different nickel treatment levels were studied. Two Ni hyperaccumulating and one Ni tolerant species were planted in paddy soils different in Ni concentration, ranging from 100 to 1 600 mg/kg. After 110 days of incubation, soil microbial activities were analyzed. Results showed that populations of bacteria, fungus, and actinomycetes and biomass of the microorganisms were stimulated when nickel was added at a rate of 100 mg/kg in non-rhizospheric soil. When the rate was over 100 mg/kg in the soil, adverse effects on the soil microbial communities were observed. The plantation of Ni hyperaccumulating species could increase both the population and biomass of soil microorganisms, because, by absorbing nickel from the soil and excreting root exudates, the plants reduced nickel toxicity and improved the living environment of the microbes. However, different plant species had different effects on microorganisms in soil. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with five primers was used in this study in 25 soil samples of four types of soils. A total of 947 amplified bands were obtained, including 888 polymorphic bands and 59 non-polymorphic bands. The results indicated that the composition of microbial DNA sequences had changed because of the addition of nickel to the treated soils. Shannon-Weaver index of soil microbial DNA sequences reduced in the nickel contaminated soils with increasing nickel concentration. The changes in Shannon-Weaver index in the four types of soils ranged from 1.65 to 2.32 for Alyssum corsicum, 1.37 to 2.27 for Alyssum murale, 1.37 to 1.96 for Brassica juncea, and 1.19 to 1.85 for nonrhizospheric soil. With the same amount of nickel added to soils, the Shannon-Weaver index in rhizospheric soil with plants was higher than that in non-rhizospheric soil. Translated from Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2006, 43(6): 919–925 [译自: 土壤学报]     

UV/Fenton法处理低浓度含镍络合废水研究

为了有效去除低浓度含镍络合废水中的镍离子(Ni~(2+)),探究影响Ni~(2+)去除效果的因素和方法,通过改变低浓度溶液中沉淀pH值、H_2O_2与Fe~(2+)摩尔比、H_2O_2投加量、初始pH值和反应时间,基于UV/Fenton法,研究了以上各因素对Ni~(2+)去除效果的影响及机理;同时比较UV/Fenton法与Fenton法对Ni~(2+)的去除效果,自配含有典型络合剂的镀镍模拟废水,酒石酸∶柠檬酸∶乙二胺四乙酸∶镍(摩尔比)为1.5∶2∶1.5∶1,Ni~(2+)含量5 mg/L,pH 4.0;光催化实验在光化学反应仪中进行,反应系统由循环水冷却,维持温度在(32±2)℃,光强度为12.7 mW/cm~2。50 mL的石英管中依次加入模拟络合镍废水和一定量的Fenton试剂,100 W中压汞灯光照下进行连续磁力搅拌;光照一定时间后,NaOH调节pH至11.0,离心后取上清液测定镍含量,测定方法采用火焰原子吸收分光光度计。结果显示,UV/Fenton法去除Ni~(2+)的最佳反应条件为初始pH值2.6左右,H_2O_2∶Fe~(2+)(摩尔比)为3∶1,H_2O_2投加量为3 mmol/L,反应时间为1 h,沉淀pH值为11.0,Ni~(2+)去除率可达98%以上。研究表明,增大沉淀pH值、合理控制H_2O_2浓度、增加反应时间,可提高低浓度镍络合物中Ni~(2+)的去除效果;相较于单一Fenton法,采用UV/Fenton法可更好的去除低浓度镍络合物中的Ni~(2+)。     

石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定水中铜铅镉镍铬的方法研究

建立了石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定水中铜、铅、镉、镍、铬的分析方法。优化了仪器条件,通过检出限、精密度和准确度的测试,验证了该方法在金属元素分析中的准确性和有效性,能够满足环境水样中铜、铅、镉、镍、铬的分析要求。     

不同供镍水平对苹果植株~(15)N–尿素吸收分配的初步研究

以2年生富士/八棱海棠嫁接苗为试验材料,用5个供镍水平(Ni SO_4·6H_2O)的Hoagland营养液进行砂培,1个月后叶面喷施~(15)N标记的尿素,20 d后测定叶片的镍含量、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和植株~(15)N–尿素的分配、吸收及利用状况。结果表明:随着施镍量的增加,苹果叶片的镍含量相应增加。低供镍(每株0.5、1.0和2.0 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O)条件下,叶片的GS和SOD活性均不同程度地高于对照(0 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O),其中以单株施镍量1.0 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O处理效果最佳,但是高供镍(10 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O)处理的苹果叶片GS和SOD活性明显低于对照。低供镍(每株0.5、1.0和2.0 mg Ni SO_4·6H_2O)处理的植株~(15)N–尿素利用率均明显高于对照处理,以单株1.0 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O处理的利用率最高,为48.74%,是对照的1.71倍;单株10 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O处理的苹果植株~(15)N–尿素利用率则比对照降低38.26%。此外,镍还会影响苹果植株的~(15)N分配率,单株1.0 mg NiSO_4·6H_2O处理的植株根部~(~(15))N分配率最高,其次是叶片和茎部,其他处理的植株均以叶片部位~(15)N分配率最高。综上所述,适量供镍可以使苹果叶片GS和SOD活性增强,延缓叶片衰老,提高植株对尿素的吸收利用水平,而镍水平过高则影响苹果植株对尿素的吸收和分配。     

不同钙镁比处理对三种超富集植物生长及吸收重金属的影响

通过水培实验研究了不同钙镁比(Ca/Mg=0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0、4.0、6.0)对Zn/Cd超富集植物东南景天(Sedum alfredii)、Zn/Cd/Ni超富集植物遏蓝菜(Noccaca caerulescens)和Ni超富集植物庭荠属(Alyssum murale)在20 mg Zn·L~(-1)、18 mg Ni·L~(-1)、10 mg Pb·L~(-1)和0.5 mg Cd·L~(-1)胁迫下生长和吸收重金属的影响。研究结果显示:A.murale具有很强的将Ni从地下部转移至地上部的能力(转移系数TF达5.98~11.19)和较高的地上部Ca/Mg比(2.45~16.74);N.caerulescens对Mg转移能力(TFMg为1.43~3.70)大于Ca(TFCa为0.77~1.38);S.alfredii对Mg的转移能力与Ca相似。N.caerulescens在正常营养液(Ca/Mg=2)条件下获得最好的生长和地上部最大Zn/Cd/Ni含量,增加Ca或Mg的供给都会产生抑制作用;A.murale在高Ca(Ca/Mg=6)供给时获得最大的生物量和Ni含量,增Ca有助于地上部Ni的累积,但增Mg降低了地上部Ni含量;增加Ca的供给会增加S.alfredii地上部和地下部的Zn含量,增加Ca或Mg的供给都会增加S.alfredii地下部Cd的含量,但S.alfredii在Ca/Mg=0.2时获得最大的生物量和最大的Zn和Cd含量。S.alfredii、A.murale和N.caerulescens地上部分别在Ca/Mg比为6、0.2、1.0时获得最大的Pb含量,其他Ca/Mg比对三种超富集植物地上部吸收Pb均没有产生显著影响。Ca/Mg比对超富集植物富集重金属能力的影响因植物种类和元素而异。     

硝酸镍对水稻抗白叶枯病的诱导作用

硝酸镍溶液喷施处理后 ,水稻幼苗的白叶枯病发病程度降低 .经平板测定 ,硝酸镍对稻白叶枯菌只有轻微的直接毒性 ,表明水稻幼苗白叶枯病病情减弱 ,主要由于硝酸镍诱导了水稻幼苗对白叶枯病的抗性 .0 .0 5～2 .75 mmol/ L的硝酸镍均有明显的诱抗作用 ,其中 2 .2 m mol/ L为最佳诱导浓度 .2 .2 m mol/ L硝酸镍喷施处理后 ,水稻幼苗叶片病斑长比对照降低了 6 9.6 % .处理后第 3d水稻幼苗表现出最大的诱导抗性 .用 2 .2 mm ol/ L喷雾处理第 3叶以下部位 ,第 4d挑战接种第 3叶 ,使第 3叶产生了对白叶枯病的系统抗性 ,相对诱导效果达 42 .9% .硝酸镍的诱导抗病作用持续 2 1 d左右     

纳米镍催化树脂酸歧化反应的研究（Ⅰ）——树脂酸组成的研究

将纳米镍催化剂首次应用于树脂酸的歧化反应中。在溶剂存在条件下，进行松香的歧化反应，对不同催化剂催化下的歧化松香组成尤其是酸性部分的组成进行了分析。将DEAE—Sephadax子交换色谱法应用于歧化松香酸性物与中性物的分离。对纳米镍催化松香歧化过程中树脂酸的组成进行了跟踪分析。     

Impact of Pseudomonads and Ethylene on the Cadmium and Nickel Rhizofiltration of Sunflower,Squash, and Indian Mustard

Three hydroponic experiments were set up to study the rhizofiltration of cadmium (Cd) or nickel (Ni) from artificially contaminated nutrient solution with sunflower, squash, or Indian mustard. After 48 h of exposure with 2 mg L^?1 Cd‐contaminated water, 460, 415, or 1092 µg Cd g^?1 (dry weight) was detected in roots of 33‐day‐old sunflower and squash or in 50‐day‐old Indian mustard, respectively. As calculated, 1 g of root dry matter of the tested crop species removed 5.7–12.4% of total Cd content present in the nutrient solution. It was supposed that pseudomonads (soil rhizoplane bacteria) and the plant growth hormone ethylene can enhance the specific surface of roots and hence roots' metal adsorption capacity. As a trend, pretreatment of Indian mustard with Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria enhanced slightly the Cd (from 1793 to 2346 µg g^?1) or Ni (from 1088 to 1192 µg g^?1) concentration of roots. Cadmium concentration in roots was also enhanced from 2694 to 3273 µg g^?1 when the roots of Indian mustard were pretreated with Cd‐tolerant rather than Cd‐sensitive Pseudomonas cepacia. In spite of the occurrence of new root hairs, the pretreatment of roots with ethylene proved to be ineffective in enhancement of the Cd rhizofiltration capacity of Indian mustard.     

Manganese Fertilizer Requirement to Prevent Manganese Deficiency When Liming to Remediate Ni‐Phytotoxic Soils

Abstract

Nickel (Ni) contamination occurred near a Ni refinery at Port Colborne, Ontario, on soils susceptible to Mn deficiency. Previous studies showed that adding limestone to remediate these soils induced Mn deficiency in plants. This greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with Welland loam and Quarry muck soils to learn the application of MnSO₄ needed when these soils were limed. Limestone application, along with Mn fertilizer, allowed normal growth of oat and red beet known as sensitive to Ni phytotoxicity and Mn deficiency. Strontium (Sr)‐nitrate extractable Ni was a smooth function of slurry pH with much higher Ni extractable from the Welland loam than Quarry muck. Ni phytotoxicity was severe at low pH for the Welland loam but it was generally prevented by liming. No severe Mn deficiency was observed in this experiment when nitrogen was applied as combination of urea, ammonia, and nitrates. Manganese fertilization greatly improved Mn uptake by both crops in both soils.     

氯化镍对拟南芥生长发育和生理生化指标的影响

本研究以拟南芥为材料,系统地研究了不同浓度氯化镍(NiCl2)对拟南芥生长发育及某些生理生化指标的影响,为重金属的毒理学研究提供新的实验依据。主要的实验结果:1.培养基经NiCl2处理后,拟南芥种子的萌发受到抑制。随NiCl2处理浓度的提高,拟南芥种子的发芽势和发芽率都有明显降低,350 u M的NiCl2处理后,种子不能正常萌发出子叶,其发芽率为0。NiCl2对拟南芥根的生长也有显著抑制作用,处理的拟南芥幼苗根短,侧根数目少。NiCl2处理的幼苗地上部分的生长发育同样受到抑制,苗弱小,叶片失绿。NiCl2处理的幼苗在培养土中生长一段时间后观察发现,50 uM、100 uM NiCl2处理过的植株生长发育及开花结实与对照无明显差异,150 uM NiCl2处理过的植株比较矮小且开花晚、结实率低;NiCl2处理浓度达到250 uM时,植株最为弱小并且不能正常开花、结实。2.拟南芥幼苗经NiCl2处理10 d后,随NiCl2处理浓度的升高,拟南芥幼苗叶片中叶绿素含量显著降低;malonaldehyde(MDA)、proline(Pro)的含量和相对电导率都呈上升趋势。上述生理生化指标说明,NiCl2处理影响了拟南芥的正常生理生化反应,导致拟南芥的叶片失绿,MDA和Pro积累,膜透性增强。