Ni/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂的制备及其在松节油催化加氢反应中的应用

以溶胶凝胶法制备Ti O_2-Al_2O_3复合载体,采用超声波辅助浸渍负载Ni制得Ni/Ti O_2-Al_2O_3催化剂,将其应用于松节油催化加氢反应,考察了催化剂制备条件及松节油催化加氢反应条件对催化加氢的影响。结果表明,复合载体中钛铝物质的量之比(钛铝比)值0.4、载体焙烧温度550℃、超声波功率280 W、硝酸镍浸渍液浓度0.5 mol/L和超声波辅助浸渍时间2 h的条件下,制备的催化剂Ni/Ti O_2-Al_2O_3催化性能最高。最佳的加氢反应条件为:反应时间140 min、反应压力4.5 MPa、反应温度150℃和催化剂用量为松节油质量的5%,该条件下原料中α-蒎烯转化率达97.27%,产物顺式蒎烷的选择性为96.15%,顺式蒎烷的得率为93.52%。     

Silicon alleviates nickel toxicity in cotton seedlings through enhancing growth,photosynthesis, and suppressing Ni uptake and oxidative stress

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a well-known and economically most beneficial crop worldwide while nickel (Ni) toxicity is a widespread problem in crops grown on Ni-contaminated soils. We investigated the response of silicon (Si) in cotton under Ni stress with respect to growth, biomass, gas exchange attributes, enzymatic activities, and Ni uptake and accumulation. For this, plants were grown in hydroponics for 12 weeks with three levels of Ni (0, 50, and 100 µM) in the presence or absence of 1 mM Si. Results showed that Ni significantly reduced the plant growth, biomass, gas exchange attributes, and pigment contents while Si application mitigated these adverse effects under Ni stress. Nickel stress significantly decreased antioxidant enzymes’ activities while increased malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and electrolyte leakage (EC) in leaves and roots. The application of Si enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced MDA, H₂O₂, and EC in plants. Nickel application significantly increased Ni concentration and accumulation in leaf, stem, and roots while Si application significantly decreased Ni in these plant parts. The present study indicates that Si could improve cotton growth under Ni stress by lowering Ni uptake and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by increasing antioxidant enzymes activities.     

Macronutrient Balance of Nickel-Stressed Lettuce Plants Grown under Different Sulfur Levels

This study investigated whether intensive nutrition with sulfur–sulfate (S-SO₄) (2, 6, or 9 mM S) of nickel-stressed (0, 0.0004, 0.04, or 0.08 mM Ni) butterhead lettuce cv. Justyna may improve macronutrient balance and reduce Ni bioaccumulation. Nickel exposure resulted in various unfavorable changes in the macronutrient content together with increase of Ni accumulation in the biomass. Intensive S nutrition of Ni-treated lettuce seems to have no beneficial effect on macronutrient balance. In general, it significantly reduced the root and foliar phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and S content and simultaneously did not affect the magnesium (Mg) content in the biomass. At the same time, the nitrogen (N) content was reduced in roots and elevated in shoots. Supplementation of Ni-exposed lettuce with high S doses raised in roots and reduced foliar Ni accumulation; however, Ni content in useable parts exceeded the acceptable limits established for consumption.     

木材化学镀镍老化镀液的再生与回用

采用可溶性钙盐沉淀去除施镀木材的化学镀镍废液中的亚瞵酸根离子,再用氟化物去除残余的钙离子。主要研究了pH值、钙离子与亚磷酸根的浓度比、处理温度和时间对亚磷酸根去除率的影响。采用再生处理后的镀液施镀木材,可以得到具有良好导电性和电磁屏蔽性能的镀层。     

Response of microbial communities to phytoremediation of nickel contaminated soils

Through pot experiment, effects of phytoremediation on microbial communities in soils at different nickel treatment levels were studied. Two Ni hyperaccumulating and one Ni tolerant species were planted in paddy soils different in Ni concentration, ranging from 100 to 1 600 mg/kg. After 110 days of incubation, soil microbial activities were analyzed. Results showed that populations of bacteria, fungus, and actinomycetes and biomass of the microorganisms were stimulated when nickel was added at a rate of 100 mg/kg in non-rhizospheric soil. When the rate was over 100 mg/kg in the soil, adverse effects on the soil microbial communities were observed. The plantation of Ni hyperaccumulating species could increase both the population and biomass of soil microorganisms, because, by absorbing nickel from the soil and excreting root exudates, the plants reduced nickel toxicity and improved the living environment of the microbes. However, different plant species had different effects on microorganisms in soil. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with five primers was used in this study in 25 soil samples of four types of soils. A total of 947 amplified bands were obtained, including 888 polymorphic bands and 59 non-polymorphic bands. The results indicated that the composition of microbial DNA sequences had changed because of the addition of nickel to the treated soils. Shannon-Weaver index of soil microbial DNA sequences reduced in the nickel contaminated soils with increasing nickel concentration. The changes in Shannon-Weaver index in the four types of soils ranged from 1.65 to 2.32 for Alyssum corsicum, 1.37 to 2.27 for Alyssum murale, 1.37 to 1.96 for Brassica juncea, and 1.19 to 1.85 for nonrhizospheric soil. With the same amount of nickel added to soils, the Shannon-Weaver index in rhizospheric soil with plants was higher than that in non-rhizospheric soil. Translated from Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2006, 43(6): 919–925 [译自: 土壤学报]     

钙对水稻幼苗镍毒害的缓解效应

采用溶液培养法研究了镍对水稻幼苗生长的影响,以及钙对镍毒害的缓解效应。结果表明,0.1、1.0、10mmol·L-1Ni2+处理下,水稻幼苗的生长表现出明显的抑制,处理浓度愈大,抑制愈明显。加入Ca2+不同程度减轻了镍毒害,缓解程度依镍处理浓度而异。5.0mmol·L-1Ca2+的缓解作用稍好于1.0mmol·L-1Ca2+。Ca2+能基本解除0.01mmol·L-1Ni2+对幼苗地上部及根系的生长抑制作用,明显缓解0.1mmol·L-1Ni2+处理对幼苗的毒害。但随镍浓度的升高,Ca2+的这种缓解效应有限。     

基于DGT技术分析土壤重金属Cd、Ni的老化特征

为明确重金属在土壤中的老化进程,锁定关键影响因子,采用梯度扩散薄膜(DGT)技术探究了外源添加Cd和Ni两种重金属在6种不同类型土壤中的老化特性,并探讨了影响重金属老化过程的关键因子。结果表明:Cd、Ni在不同土壤中的老化过程差异性明显,Ni比Cd更易老化。进入土壤中的重金属老化过程大致分为3个阶段,添加后20～30 d为快速老化阶段,30～60 d为缓慢老化期,除个别高污染土壤外,其余土壤均在60 d后基本达到平衡。数据分析结果表明,6种土壤中Cd、Ni的老化平衡浓度由初始浓度决定,初始浓度、CEC等因子为影响Cd、Ni老化速率的主控因素。DGT作为一种原位、非破坏性、不引入外源离子的监测技术,可以动态展示土壤外源添加重金属在老化过程中的活性变化,对评估土壤重金属污染风险具有重要参考价值。     

福建铁观音茶园土壤中的镍及其向茶叶的转移

对福建省安溪县、华安县、永春县主要铁观音茶生产乡镇的茶园表层土壤和相应茶叶中的镍含量状况进行了调查.结果表明:茶园土壤全镍含量为4.08-123.44 mg.kg-1,平均值19.06 mg.kg-1,绝大部分土壤未受到明显的镍污染,土壤全镍含量与有机质和粘粒含量均呈极显著正相关;土壤有效镍含量为0.12-4.84 mg.kg-1,平均值0.74 mg.kg-1,与土壤阳离子交换量(CEC)和有机质含量呈显著正相关;茶叶镍含量为(3.70±1.52)mg.kg-1.茶叶对镍的吸收富集能力随着土壤镍含量的升高而降低.     

Effect of Field Aging on Nickel Concentration in Soil Solutions

Abstract

The effect of field aging on nickel (Ni) concentration in soil solutions was studied on three soils, with pH 4.5, 6.1, and 7.6, that were spiked with Ni and aged outdoors for 5, 10, and 15 months. Field aging resulted in a minor decrease in total Ni content and a dramatic decrease in Ni concentration in soil solution. Nickel release isotherms in field‐aged soils differ from those in freshly spiked ones. The decrease in soluble Ni in noncalcareous soils at Ni loadings from 25 to 4800 mg kg^?1 followed a first‐order kinetic equation. In calcareous soil the observed relationships imply that soluble Ni may be controlled by dissolution of a surface precipitate either on the surface of soil carbonates [NiCO₃ or NiCO₃ · 2Ni(OH)₂] or on the surface of clay minerals (Ni‐aluminum double‐layer hydroxide).     

吉林省镍矿区土壤重金属Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的形态分布特征及活性

为了正确评价吉林省镍矿区耕地土壤重金属Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的潜在环境效应,采集了吉林省镍矿区11个有代表性的耕层土壤样品,测定了土壤p H、有机质含量和重金属全量,同时采用Tessier连续提取法对土壤重金属进行了形态分析,采用DTPA提取了土壤重金属的生物有效态,探讨了吉林省镍矿区土壤重金属的形态分布规律和活性及其与土壤性质的关系。结果表明:吉林省镍矿区土壤重金属Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的形态规律略有差异,但均以残留态为主要形态,可交换态或碳酸盐结合态所占比例最小;Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的DTPA可提取态含量分别为1.21~8.48,0.03~25.92,0.08~2.66,1.42~4.76 mg/kg,平均值分别为3.90,8.24,0.53,2.98 mg/kg;土壤Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的DTPA可提取率分别为2.41%~14.61%,0.16%~34.53%,0.32%~4.93%,1.60%~5.27%,平均值分别为7.89%、9.56%、1.70%、3.23%,不同采样点土壤重金属的DTPA可提取量和可提取率均有很大差异。对于吉林省镍矿区土壤Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn 4种重金属,Ni的活性和生物有效性最高,Pb的活性和生物有效性最低;在土壤p H、有机质含量和土壤重金属全量3个因素中,土壤重金属全量是影响吉林省镍矿区土壤Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn的形态分布和DTPA可提取态的主要因素。