钙对大豆幼苗镍毒害的缓解效应及对抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用盆栽方法,研究了镍毒害条件下外源钙对大豆镍毒害的缓解效应以及对其叶片组织中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的影响,以探讨钙缓解植物镍毒性的生理机制.研究结果表明:Ni2+60 mg/kg添加量对大豆幼苗生长表现出明显的抑制作用,但是当加入不同钙量后,大豆的镍毒害症状得到不同程度的缓解,Ca2+ 200 mg/kg处理的缓解作用好于Ca2+ 100 mg/kg.与不施镍处理相比,单施Ni2 60 mg/kg处理的大豆叶片组织SOD、CAT和APX活性明显下降,而POD活性明显上升.当配施Ca2以后,大豆叶片组织中SOD、CAT、POD和APX活性明显提高,且Ca2+ 200 mg/kg处理的上升程度比Ca2+ 100 mg/kg处理的大.因此,Ca2+是通过提高叶片组织抗氧化酶活性,增强活性氧清除能力,而使大豆的镍中毒症状得到缓解,这是Ca2+减轻大豆镍毒害的生理机制之一.     

土壤中镍生态阈值的影响因素及预测模型

利用实验室获得的毒理学数据建立土壤生态阈值需通过老化-淋洗因子校正以消除外源添加的人工污染与野外实际污染的差异。该文利用基于中国土壤的17个物种的镍毒理学数据建立镍土壤生态阈值并利用老化-淋洗因子对数据进行校正。结果表明淋洗效应在pH值大于8.5的土壤中尤为显著,除个别土壤外,淋洗因子(LF)值均大于2;老化效应在碱性土壤(pH值>7.0)中更为显著,且老化因子(AF)值随着土壤pH值的升高而增大。pH值、有机碳含量(OC)、阳离子交换量(CEC)可分别控制镍生态阈值变异的86.2%、9.0%和4.1%。土壤pH值是影响土壤镍生态阈值的最重要因子,基于土壤pH值和OC的2因子预测模型能较好地预测土壤镍生态阈值,其相关性达到95.2%,利用该研究获得的两因子模型并依据土壤性质参数可预测不同类型土壤中的镍生态阈值。     

Ni/TiO_2-Al_2O_3催化剂的制备及其在松节油催化加氢反应中的应用

以溶胶凝胶法制备Ti O_2-Al_2O_3复合载体,采用超声波辅助浸渍负载Ni制得Ni/Ti O_2-Al_2O_3催化剂,将其应用于松节油催化加氢反应,考察了催化剂制备条件及松节油催化加氢反应条件对催化加氢的影响。结果表明,复合载体中钛铝物质的量之比(钛铝比)值0.4、载体焙烧温度550℃、超声波功率280 W、硝酸镍浸渍液浓度0.5 mol/L和超声波辅助浸渍时间2 h的条件下,制备的催化剂Ni/Ti O_2-Al_2O_3催化性能最高。最佳的加氢反应条件为:反应时间140 min、反应压力4.5 MPa、反应温度150℃和催化剂用量为松节油质量的5%,该条件下原料中α-蒎烯转化率达97.27%,产物顺式蒎烷的选择性为96.15%,顺式蒎烷的得率为93.52%。     

Silicon alleviates nickel toxicity in cotton seedlings through enhancing growth,photosynthesis, and suppressing Ni uptake and oxidative stress

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a well-known and economically most beneficial crop worldwide while nickel (Ni) toxicity is a widespread problem in crops grown on Ni-contaminated soils. We investigated the response of silicon (Si) in cotton under Ni stress with respect to growth, biomass, gas exchange attributes, enzymatic activities, and Ni uptake and accumulation. For this, plants were grown in hydroponics for 12 weeks with three levels of Ni (0, 50, and 100 µM) in the presence or absence of 1 mM Si. Results showed that Ni significantly reduced the plant growth, biomass, gas exchange attributes, and pigment contents while Si application mitigated these adverse effects under Ni stress. Nickel stress significantly decreased antioxidant enzymes’ activities while increased malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and electrolyte leakage (EC) in leaves and roots. The application of Si enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes and reduced MDA, H₂O₂, and EC in plants. Nickel application significantly increased Ni concentration and accumulation in leaf, stem, and roots while Si application significantly decreased Ni in these plant parts. The present study indicates that Si could improve cotton growth under Ni stress by lowering Ni uptake and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and by increasing antioxidant enzymes activities.     

Macronutrient Balance of Nickel-Stressed Lettuce Plants Grown under Different Sulfur Levels

This study investigated whether intensive nutrition with sulfur–sulfate (S-SO₄) (2, 6, or 9 mM S) of nickel-stressed (0, 0.0004, 0.04, or 0.08 mM Ni) butterhead lettuce cv. Justyna may improve macronutrient balance and reduce Ni bioaccumulation. Nickel exposure resulted in various unfavorable changes in the macronutrient content together with increase of Ni accumulation in the biomass. Intensive S nutrition of Ni-treated lettuce seems to have no beneficial effect on macronutrient balance. In general, it significantly reduced the root and foliar phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and S content and simultaneously did not affect the magnesium (Mg) content in the biomass. At the same time, the nitrogen (N) content was reduced in roots and elevated in shoots. Supplementation of Ni-exposed lettuce with high S doses raised in roots and reduced foliar Ni accumulation; however, Ni content in useable parts exceeded the acceptable limits established for consumption.     

木材化学镀镍老化镀液的再生与回用

采用可溶性钙盐沉淀去除施镀木材的化学镀镍废液中的亚瞵酸根离子,再用氟化物去除残余的钙离子。主要研究了pH值、钙离子与亚磷酸根的浓度比、处理温度和时间对亚磷酸根去除率的影响。采用再生处理后的镀液施镀木材,可以得到具有良好导电性和电磁屏蔽性能的镀层。     

Cleaning heavy metal contaminated soil with soluble humic substances instead of synthetic polycarboxylic acids

Abstract

Soils contaminated with heavy metals constitute a serious and widespread ecological problem but to clean such soils requires strong chemicals such as polycarboxylates; frequently ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and nitrilotriacetic acid are used. However, these compounds are synthetic and toxic and their replacement by natural products such as soluble humic substances as washing agents for cleaning heavy metal polluted soils would be environmentally very attractive. In fact, such a replacement seems possible at least on cadmium and copper contaminated soil inasmuch as humic substances, depending on the concentration, were found to extract up to 45% and 54% of total cadmium and copper from a highly contaminated calcareous soil. Even though higher amounts of the two metals were extracted by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and nitrilotriacetic acid, the humic substances undoubtedly extracted the most reactive fractions. However, the humic substances extracted only 4% of total lead and 17% of total nickel, whereas the percentages for the synthetic polycarboxylates were about 30% for nickel and lead. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and nitrilotriacetic acid may therefore be replaced by humic substances as washing agents for cadmium, copper and maybe nickel contaminated soils, whereas they seem unsuited for cleaning lead contaminated soils, at least if the soils are as calcareous as the soil tested.     

乙酰水杨酸对镍胁迫下水稻幼苗中O_2~ -水平和膜脂过氧化的影响

采用室内培养及生理指标测定方法，研究了乙酰水杨酸对镍胁迫下水稻幼苗中部分生理指标的影响。结果表明， 10μ mol· L－ 1和 30μ mol· L－ 1的镍胁迫下，稻苗叶片中 SOD活性明显降低，质外体中的 NADH氧化酶活性显著上升；同时，细胞中总O_2~1和质外体中产生明显加快，从而导致叶片组织中 MDA含量和质膜透性亦明显增加。同样胁迫条件下，加入 0.05％ ASA， SOD活性回升，产生速率回落， MDA含量和质膜透性增加的程度亦减小，但乙酰水杨酸 (ASA)对质外体中 NADH氧化酶活性无明显影响。这些结果提示产生与积累导致的膜脂过氧化作用介导了镍对稻苗的毒害； ASA能降低产生速率，减轻膜脂过氧化损伤程度，因而缓解了镍胁迫对稻苗的毒害。     

Tolerance of rice plants to trace metals

Abstract

The tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L. C.V. Earlirose) to various trace metal excesses was tested to determine if high levels of the trace metals found in some field‐grown plants were at toxicity levels. In one experiment, levels of 2200 μg Zn/g dry weight, 44 μg Cu/g dry weight, 4400 μg Mn/g dry weight, and 32 μg Pb/g dry weight in shoots of young plants had no adverse effects on vegetative yields. A level of 3160μgZn/ g dry weight decreased yields about 40% (P = . 05). In another test 51 μg Cu/g dry weight or 94 μg Pb/g dry weight did not decrease vegetative yields. Boron supplied at 10^‐3 MH₃BO₃ not only caused no toxicity but resulted in only 144 μg B/g dry weight in shoots. Root levels of Zn were about equal to those in shoots; Mn levels were lower in roots than in shoots (1/4 to 1/10); B levels were generally low in both shoots and roots with roots 1/10 that of shoots; Cu levels were higher in roots than in shoots. Rice was tolerant of a high level of Cr. The tolerance of rice to high levels of some trace metals in these experiments may be related to high P levels in plants.     

Response of microbial communities to phytoremediation of nickel contaminated soils

Through pot experiment, effects of phytoremediation on microbial communities in soils at different nickel treatment levels were studied. Two Ni hyperaccumulating and one Ni tolerant species were planted in paddy soils different in Ni concentration, ranging from 100 to 1 600 mg/kg. After 110 days of incubation, soil microbial activities were analyzed. Results showed that populations of bacteria, fungus, and actinomycetes and biomass of the microorganisms were stimulated when nickel was added at a rate of 100 mg/kg in non-rhizospheric soil. When the rate was over 100 mg/kg in the soil, adverse effects on the soil microbial communities were observed. The plantation of Ni hyperaccumulating species could increase both the population and biomass of soil microorganisms, because, by absorbing nickel from the soil and excreting root exudates, the plants reduced nickel toxicity and improved the living environment of the microbes. However, different plant species had different effects on microorganisms in soil. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) with five primers was used in this study in 25 soil samples of four types of soils. A total of 947 amplified bands were obtained, including 888 polymorphic bands and 59 non-polymorphic bands. The results indicated that the composition of microbial DNA sequences had changed because of the addition of nickel to the treated soils. Shannon-Weaver index of soil microbial DNA sequences reduced in the nickel contaminated soils with increasing nickel concentration. The changes in Shannon-Weaver index in the four types of soils ranged from 1.65 to 2.32 for Alyssum corsicum, 1.37 to 2.27 for Alyssum murale, 1.37 to 1.96 for Brassica juncea, and 1.19 to 1.85 for nonrhizospheric soil. With the same amount of nickel added to soils, the Shannon-Weaver index in rhizospheric soil with plants was higher than that in non-rhizospheric soil. Translated from Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2006, 43(6): 919–925 [译自: 土壤学报]