针灸时效-量效关系对机体免疫调节作用的研究进展

针灸-免疫学研究是采用针灸学同现代免疫学理论、多学科方法和技术,研究针灸于腧穴后对机体免疫系统的影响及其作用机制,是针灸学同现代医学交叉的新兴领域。大量的临床研究及实验研究已经证实,针灸可以调节机体的免疫能力,包括机体的特异和非特异的免疫功能,这种调节作用与针灸治疗时间的长短,针刺的次数,疗程的长短,艾灸的壮数等因素密切相关,而且这种时效-量效关系存在于多种疾病中。该研究综述了近年来针灸效应与时效、量效的关系及针灸量效与时效在调节机体免疫调节过程中的作用,使得针灸对机体免疫调节的作用研究更加规范化,更好地为临床提供理论基础。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-QDa质谱法快速测定白菜与油菜中15种氨基甲酸酯类农药及代谢物残留

基于QuEChERS方法,采用乙腈提取目标物,采用新型净化装置多功能针式过滤器净化,以CORTECS? T3色谱柱 (3.0 mm × 150 mm, 2.7 μm) 进行液相分离,通过超高效液相色谱-QDa质谱 (UPLC-QDa MS) 单离子扫描模式进行快速测定分析,建立了白菜与油菜中15种氨基甲酸酯类农药及其代谢物残留的快速分析方法, 单个样品处理分析过程不超过30 min。结果表明:在0.001~0.1 mg/L范围内,白菜与油菜中15种氨基甲酸酯类农药及代谢物的质量浓度与对应的峰面积间线性关系良好 (r > 0.99) 。在0.01~0.2mg/kg添加水平下,回收率处于68%~120%之间,相对标准偏差均小于15% (n = 3) ,方法检出限范围 (LOD,S/N≥3) 为0.001~0.004 mg/kg,定量限 (LOQ,S/N≥10且回收率处于60%~120%之间) 处于0.005~0.01 mg/kg之间。该方法准确、快速、稳定,适合基层实际检测需要。     

合募配穴针刺对肠易激综合征模型大鼠脊髓背根神经节PAR-2、TRVP1及相关致敏细胞因子表达的影响

目的 观察合募配穴针刺对肠易激综合征（IBS）大鼠脊髓背根神经节（DRG）蛋白酶活化受体-2（PAR-2）、P物质（SP）、瞬时受体电位香草酸亚型1（TRPV1）和降钙素相关肽（CGRP）表达的影响,探讨合募配穴针刺对内脏高敏感性的可能作用机制。方法 采用雄性SD大鼠慢性应激结合束缚法制备肠易激综合征模型。随机分为空白组、模型组、合募针刺组和药物组。造模成功后,合募针刺组对大肠下合穴上巨虚和募穴天枢穴进行电针干预;药物组给予匹维溴胺灌胃。采用腹部回撤反射（AWR）对大鼠进行内脏敏感性评估并观察大鼠体质量变化情况,用免疫组织化学方法检验脊髓L5-S1段PAR-2、TRVP1、SP和CGRP的表达。结果 AWR评分中,治疗前合募针刺组和模型组与空白组比较差异明显（P<0.01）,治疗后合募针刺组与模型组比较有显著性差异（P<0.01）,针刺治疗IBS内脏高敏感性有效;治疗后模型组大鼠与空白组比较,脊髓背根神经节中PAR-2、SP、TRVP1和CGRP的IOD值显著升高（P<0.01）;合募针刺组和药物组与模型组比较,脊髓背根神经节中PAR-2、SP、TRVP1和CGRP的IOD值明显降低（P<0.01）。结论 合募配穴针刺干预机制可能是通过PAR-2、TRVP1降低SP和CGRP在DRG神经元中的表达来降低IBS大鼠的内脏高敏感性。     

针刺大椎、人中、百会穴对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠脑线粒体超微结构的影响

目的 观察针刺大椎、人中、百会穴对脑缺血再灌注后大鼠脑线粒体超微结构的影响,探讨针刺对脑缺血再灌注损伤的部分作用机制。方法 40只大鼠随机挑选10只为假手术组,其余30只大鼠造模后随机分为模型组、针刺对照点组、针刺穴位组3组,每组10只。大鼠造模成功后,模型组、假手术组只捆绑不针刺,针刺穴位组针刺大椎、人中、百会三穴,针刺对照点组针刺针刺穴位左侧旁开0.3 cm处,每12小时针刺1次,6次治疗后处死大鼠,取缺血海马组织电镜下观察线粒体超微结构。结果 治疗后,除假手术组外其余各组大鼠神经功能缺损评分均下降（P<0.05）;与模型组比较,针刺穴位组和针刺对照点组均下降更明显（P<0.05）。电镜观察结果显示,假手术组线粒体结构正常;模型组线粒体肿胀明显,嵴断裂,空泡结构明显;针刺对照点组线粒体肿胀,可见嵴断裂,少量空泡结构;针刺穴位组线粒体稍肿胀,嵴断裂及空泡化不明显。结论 针刺能减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤,其机制可能与改变缺血再灌注局灶的线粒体超微结构损伤有关。     

Modelling of the spread of Dothistroma septosporum in Europe

Dothistroma needle blight (DNB), a disease affecting several pine species, is currently generating great concern in Europe. Caused by Dothistroma pini and Dothistroma septosporum, DNB affects pine needles and causes premature defoliation, which results in growth reduction and, in extreme cases, mortality. The disease has increased in importance in Europe over the last 20 years, with an increase in the number of observations of DNB in regions with large areas of Pinus sylvestris in northern Europe. This article presents a cell‐based spatiotemporal model for predicting the likelihood and intensity of the future spread of D. septosporum in Europe. Here, “spread” includes both invasion of new regions and infection of healthy stands within already‐colonized regions. Predicted spread depends on the availability of host species, climatic suitability of different regions to D. septosporum and dispersal of sexual and asexual spores from infected trees to surrounding forests via water splash, mist and wind. Long‐distance spread through transport of infected seedlings is also included in the model. Simulations of spread until 2007 and 2015 were used to validate the model. These simulations produced similar patterns of spread to those observed in Europe. Simulations for 2030 suggested that additional and new outbreaks are likely to occur in Scotland, southern Norway, southern and central Sweden, northern parts of Germany and Poland, Estonia, Latvia and south‐west Finland. Preventing the delivery of infected seedlings would be an effective method for reducing the spread of D. septosporum in the Nordic countries, Scotland and Ireland, the Baltic countries, and parts of Germany, Poland and Belarus. In these states, prevention of transport of infected seedlings can reduce the probability of additional spread by 15%–40%.     

针式滤器固相微萃取-酶抑制-数字图像比色法测定毒死蜱残留

为解决食品中毒死蜱残留检测过程中步骤繁琐,灵敏度低的问题,采用高富集因子的针式滤器固相微萃取结合高灵敏度的酶抑制-数字图像比色法对毒死蜱进行快速检测。该研究以石墨烯纳米片作为固相吸附剂装入针式滤器,随后通过注射器重复抽打针式滤器的方法实现样品中毒死蜱的富集。酪氨酸酶能够将邻氨基苯酚和氯化铁体系氧化为黄色,毒死蜱会抑制酪氨酸酶的活性,从而会间接影响邻氨基苯酚和氯化铁体系的显色,通过数字图像比色法实现毒死蜱的定量分析。结果表明：毒死蜱在0.005～0.1 mg/L范围内线性良好,R2>0.99。在矿泉水、茶水和果汁中的测定下限为0.005 mg/L。样品加标后的萃取率为86.6%～92.5%,相对标准偏差为3.2%～6.9%。该方法有助于开发农药的快速前处理和检测技术。     

云南松不同茎干类型群体针叶性状表型多样性比较

在宜良、新平和禄丰3个地点各选择1个有代表性的林分,每个林分从林冠层和更新层分别按通直和扭曲的树干表型性状采集针叶,并对7个针叶表型性状进行测量和比较。结果表明：在林冠层和更新层中,通直群体和扭曲群体间并不存在明显差异,云南松林冠层通直群体和扭曲群体的针叶性状 （针叶长度、针叶粗度、针叶束粗、叶鞘长度） 平均值均大于更新层,而云南松针叶的形状指数 （针叶长度/针叶粗度、针叶长度/叶鞘长度、针叶束粗/针叶粗度） 在林冠层和更新层间差异不大;云南松针叶性状在群体间和群体内均存在极其丰富的变异,7个针叶性状指标的变异系数按大小顺序为NL/FSL （2220%）> NL/NW （1915%）> FSL （1904%）> NW （1900%）> NL （1661%）> FW （1510%）> FW/NW （1320%）;云南松针叶性状大部分表现为群体间变异小于群体内变异,群体间总体平均表型分化系数为2090%,群体内的变异占7910%,说明群体内变异是云南松针叶性状变异的主要来源。     

Morphological and molecular characterization of Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium avenaceum causing a novel needle blight of Picea asperata in China

Picea asperata is a unique tree species in China. It has important economic and ecological values. In this study, the disease symptoms resembling needle blight, a new disease of P. asperata (10- to 15-year-old), were detected in a forest area in Tianshui City, Gansu Province, China, in August 2020. Affected needles turned yellow, the colour became darker at the junction of infected and healthy areas, the needles wilted and even fell off the tree. Through pathogenicity tests, the two pure fungi strains isolated from diseased needles caused distinct needle blight symptoms on P. asperata, with symptoms similar to those observed in the forest. It was observed that they had sickle-shaped conidia. Subsequently, multilocus phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF-1α) and RNA polymerase II second major subunit (RPB2) genes was performed. They were found closely clustered with Fusarium oxysporum and F. avenaceum, respectively. Based on morphological and molecular biological determinations, the two pathogens were identified as F. oxysporum and F. avenaceum. To our knowledge, this is the first report of needle blight caused by F. oxysporum and F. avenaceum on P. asperata in China.