Application of marker‐assisted backcross to introgress Bph3, Bph14 and Bph15 into an elite indica rice variety for improving its resistance to brown planthopper

To improve brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stål; BPH) resistance of an elite indica cultivar of South China, Hemeizhan (HMZ), we applied marker‐assisted backcross (MABC) to incorporate three BPH‐resistance genes (Bph3, Bph14 and Bph15) into the genetic background of HMZ. In the third backcross (BC₃) generation, we obtained near‐isogenic lines (Bph3‐NIL, Bph14‐NIL, Bph15‐NIL and Bph14 + Bph15‐NIL) with more than 96% recovery of recurrent parent genome, and pyramided lines (Bph3 + Bph14‐PYL, Bph3 + Bph15‐PYL and Bph3 + Bph14 + Bph15‐PYL) with more than 89% recovery of recurrent parent genome. These lines showed stronger resistance against BPH than HMZ at seedling and booting stages. The rank of resistance gene effect was Bph3 + Bph14 + Bph15 ≥ Bph3 + Bph15 ≥ Bph3 +Bph14 ≥ Bph14 + Bph15 ≥ Bph3 ≥ Bph15 ≥ Bph14 > none. Compared with HMZ, only Bph3 + Bph14 + Bph15‐PYL had a significant difference in yield per plant, and the lines carrying Bph3 had higher amylose contents, indicating that Bph3 was tightly linked to Wx^a allele. These improved lines are good intermediate sources of broad‐spectrum and durable BPH resistance to improve other indica cultivars. Our results demonstrate that MABC is a very efficient approach to improve BPH resistance of elite rice cultivar.     

地黄真空红外辐射干燥模型

利用设计的真空红外辐射干燥箱,对中药材地黄进行了真空红外干燥研究.通过对试验值进行求对数并线性回归,确定了地黄的薄层真空红外干燥模型的形式为Modified Page方程,该模型与辐射板温度和干燥室压力有关,并得到了各参数的表达式和数值.试验值和模型预测值比较说明,该模型能很好地描述和预测地黄真空红外干燥的水分比变化规律.     

EMC单片机技术在粮仓库门控制系统中的应用

介绍了一种基于EMC单片机的粮仓库门自动控制系统.该系统分为红外遥控和接收两部分,其中红外遥控部分通过EM78P153控制红外无线遥控器发射指令信号,而红外接收部分通过接收模块接收到信号后由EM78P447来控制粮仓库门的开、关、停、限位和夜间自动点灯.系统结构简单,功能齐全,具有低成本、低功耗和可靠性高等特点.     

Sulphur speciation and turnover in soils: evidence from sulphur K-edge XANES spectroscopy and isotope dilution studies

Sulphur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy was used to quantify S species in humic substance extracts from ten soils from the UK, China and New Zealand, which differ in land use and agricultural management. XANES spectroscopy showed the presence of most reduced (sulphides, disulphides, thiols and thiophenes), intermediate (sulphoxides and sulphonates) and highly oxidised S (ester sulphates) forms, with the three groups representing 14-32%, 33-50% and 22-53% of the organic S in the humic substance extracts, respectively. Land use had a profound influence on the relative proportions of S species. Well-drained arable soils generally had a higher proportion of organic S present in the most oxidised form than the grassland soils collected nearby, whereas paddy soils showed a more reduced profile due to episodic flooding. In the Broadbalk Classical Experiment at Rothamsted, reversion of an arable system to grassland or woodland in the 1880s resulted in an increase of the most reduced and intermediate S species at the expense of the most oxidised S species. Long-term applications of farmyard manure to an arable plot also shifted S species from the most oxidised to the intermediate and the most reduced species. Sulphur immobilisation and gross mineralisation were determined in seven soils using the ³⁵S isotope dilution method. Gross mineralisation during a 53-day incubation correlated more closely with the amounts of the most reduced and intermediate S species than with the most oxidised S species, suggesting that the former (C-bonded S) were the main source of organic S for mineralisation in the short-term.     

傅立叶变换近红外光谱法检测白酒总酸和总酯

该文研究白酒总酸和总酯的快速检测技术,通过解析不同白酒样品的近红外光谱图,对光谱数据进行不同的处理,结果表明：用一阶导数预处理光谱,谱区选择6102～5446 cm^-1,利用人工神经网络与傅立叶变换近红外光谱相结合,采用内部交叉验证法建立模型,效果较好。其中,总酸模型的决定系数为96.73%,内部交叉验证均方根差为0.048 g/L;总酯模型的决定系数为99.58%,内部交叉验证均方根差为0.085 g/L;进一步对总酸和总酯的模型进行验证和评价,结果表明总酸模型验证集的相关系数为99.2%,预测标准偏差为0.074 g/L;总酯模型验证集的相关为99.7%,预测标准偏差为0.134 g/L,表明建立的模型可靠,预测效果好,能满足白酒生产中总酸和总酯的快速检测要求。     

Thermal Infrared Radiation for Assessing Crop Water Stress in Wheat

Field studies on differentially irrigated wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crops were conducted at Pantnagar for two years to evaluate the use of thermal infrared radiation to detect crop water stress. Data show that the stress-degree-day index (mid day canopy-air temperature difference) is influenced by environmental variability other than soil moisture. Improvement in the stress-degree-day (SDD) index was achieved by including the measurements of vapor pressure deficit and approach was termed as plant water stress index (PWSI). Observations indicated that daily variation in SDD values due to meteorological changes was removed through PWSI. Better correlation was found between soil-induced leaf water potential and plant water stress index than between total leaf water potential and plant water stress index. It is concluded that remote sensing of thermal infrared radiation offers a promising technique which can be incorporated into irrigation management programme.     

基于漫反射光谱的叶面药液浓度检测方法

应用漫反射反射光谱对叶面药液质量浓度进行了检测研究。选择350～1900nm波段,以标准偏差归一化、三点滑动平均滤波、一阶导数组合预处理,应用逐步回归分析、主成分、主成分+人工神经网络、偏最小二乘、偏最小二乘+人工神经网络回归分析建立了5种数学模型。试验结果表明这5种算法的预测均方根误差分别为0.067、0.061、0.059、0.039、0.056,偏最小二乘法建模效果优于其他模型。考虑到不同作物种类对叶面药液浓度影响,选用八角金盘、油菜、青菜3种作物叶片为对象,在偏最小二乘下建模,其预测集相关系数分别为0.994、0.974、0.929,预测均分根误差分别为0.039、0.050、0.075。表明不同种类作物对叶面药液浓度检测影响较小,漫反射光谱技术检测叶面药液浓度是可行的。     

Real-Time Soil CO2 Respiration Rate Determination and the Comparison between the Infrared Gas Analyzer and Microrespirometer (MicroRes®) Methods

Soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) respiration is one of the important soil health parameters that provides a general assessment of soil microbial activity and soil quality. Soil respiration rates, however, have not been widely applied in soil testing protocols mainly because the traditional methods are either inconvenient, technically cumbersome or too expensive. Currently, only two methods are available for a true real-time soil respiration rate determination (<2 h): the infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) and the microrespirometer (MR or MicroRes^®) methods. We analyzed the real-time soil respiration rates of 20 soil samples from fifteen states after various periods of incubation using the IRGA method and the MR method. The measured soil respiration rates ranged from 0.4 µL CO₂/h/g to 9.0 µL CO₂/h/g. Both methods show precision in soil respiration determinations (CV = 12.7% and 11.9%, respectively). Comparison of the results between the IRGA and MR methods indicates high degrees of agreement (r² = 0.914). This study shows that the MR method is a simpler and more cost-effective alternative for real-time soil respiration rate determinations.     

Sorption,Release and Forms of Mercury in Contaminated Soils Stabilized with Water Treatment Residual Nanoparticles

This study was carried out to assess, for the first time, the effect of water treatment residual nanoparticles (nWTR) on mobility, fractionation and speciation of Hg in two arid zone soils. Nanoscale water treatment residual application markedly reduced cumulative Hg released from soils studied, with the effect increasing as the nWTR application rate increases. The power function kinetic model well described the desorption process from soils and soils with nWTR. Meanwhile, application of nWTR greatly increased the association of Hg with the residual fraction and increased the most stable Hg species (Hg (OH)₂ amor), which in turn enhanced Hg immobilization in the studied soils. Fourier transmission infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated the involvement of nWTR in the retention of Hg (II) and revealed that sorption occurred mainly through OH groups, which suggest inner‐sphere adsorption of Hg ions to surface functional groups on nWTR. These results demonstrated the feasibility of using a green and low‐cost nWTR as best management practice to retain and immobilize excess Hg in contaminated soils. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.