Social vulnerability to climate‐induced natural disasters: Cross‐provincial evidence from Vietnam

This paper conducts an analysis of the socioeconomic determinants of Vietnam's cross‐provincial variations in natural disaster vulnerability. The purpose is twofold: (i) to capture disaggregated vulnerability variations normally obscured by national statistics, thereby providing more nuanced insights into Vietnam's vulnerability to natural disasters; and (ii) to take advantage of the fact that the overall political system and key institutional structures to a large extent are constant across Vietnam's provinces, which makes the analysis a novel addition to the many disaster studies based on cross‐national variations. The paper's analysis indicates that much of Vietnam's cross‐provincial variations in natural disaster fatalities and economic costs can be explained by differences in key socioeconomic factors. High provincial rates of inequality, poverty and infant mortality, for instance, appear to drive up natural disaster fatalities. Local adaptation efforts should focus as much on these broader socioeconomic dimensions as they focus on the geophysical susceptibility to natural hazards of individual areas.     

Development and characterization of a new set of 164 polymorphic EST‐SSR markers for diversity and breeding studies in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg.)

Despite its economic importance and recent genome release, the need for molecular tools for Hevea brasiliensis is high. In the frame of a disease resistance study, EST sequences were retrieved from public database or generated by sequencing SSH libraries. Sequences were trimmed and microsatellite motifs searched using an ad hoc bioinformatic pipeline, and pairs of primers for the amplification of candidate markers were generated. We found a total of 10 499 unigenes from both sources of sequences, and 673 microsatellites motifs were detected using the default parameters of the pipeline. Two hundred sixty‐four primer pairs were tested and 226 (85.6%) successfully amplified. Out of the amplified candidate markers, 164 exhibited polymorphism. Relationships based on dendrograms using simple matching index and diversity statistics based on EST‐SSRs were compared with Genomic SSRs, showing the potentialities of EST‐derived microsatellites for resistance studies but also for population genetics approaches.     

Genetic diversity of natural populations of Atriplex halimus L. in Morocco: An isoenzyme-based overview

Based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, nine natural populations of Atriplex halimus L., a perennial shrub, collected in different regions of Morocco, were studied for their genetic variation using isoenzyme polymorphism of the highly active enzyme systems: esterases (EST), acid phosphatases (ACP) and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT). Different allozyme frequencies from 7 different loci were obtained for all populations of this halophyte species. High levels of genetic diversity were revealed. The mean number of alleles per locus (A = 1.9–2.0), the percentage of polymorphic loci (p = 71.4–85.7) and the mean expected heterozygosity (H_e = 0.339–0.385) showed an important variability in all populations. Gene diversity was essentially explained by the within population component. The between populations differentiation accounted for 8% of the whole diversity (F_ST, averaged over all loci, is 0.08). The relationships among the 9 populations were inferred from the Nei’s genetic distances. Four major groups were formed. The northern population ‘Tanger’, forming a unique group, was highly divergent from the other groups. It appeared that the genetic distance between all groups was related to the geographic distance that separates them. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病苗圃防治初报

为了给田间筛选出防治橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病的高效药剂,对甲基硫菌灵、咪鲜胺锰盐、多菌灵、百菌清、咪鲜胺等5种杀菌剂在发病苗圃进行常规防治试验。结果表明：25%咪鲜胺乳油最好,2000倍液药后28天防效达到82.99%;75%百菌清可湿性粉剂次之,2000倍液药后28天防效达到78.20%;70%甲基硫菌灵可湿性粉剂、50%咪鲜胺锰盐可湿性粉剂、50%多菌灵可湿性粉剂的防效较差,参试浓度防效均在50%以下。初步结论表明,25%咪鲜胺乳油和75%百菌清可湿性粉剂为苗圃防治橡胶树棒孢霉落叶病的较好药剂,推荐使用浓度为2000倍。     

One Dimensional Steady Model for Natural Ventilation of Solar Chimney

Solar chimney is effective to enhance the natural ventilation by heating the air with solar radiation. Based on the research by other authors, a revised mathematical model is proposed. One dimensional heat conduction model is proposed when the thermal resistance of both the glass cover and heat absorbing wall are taken into account. The mean temperatures of the air and heat absorbing wall, the air mass rate and heat collection efficiency in the solar chimney are calculated with the present model. The results of the present model are compared with the related experimental data and reasonable agreement is validated. It is shown that the present revised model is able to predict the temperatures of the air and wall, the air mass rate and heat collection efficiency more preciously than the original model.     

Understanding ‘resource’ conflicts in Papua New Guinea

Abstract: Papua New Guinea, with its heavy dependence on natural resources, limited economic development in the past two decades, poor record of governance and high‐profile separatist conflicts such as the Bougainville civil war, appears to be an exemplar of the ‘Resource Curse’ theory – the notion that natural resources actively undermine economic development. Using a number of examples from a range of scales, this paper argues that what appear to be ‘resource’ conflicts in Papua New Guinea are actually better conceived as conflicts around identity and social relationships. The very different conceptualisation of natural resources in most Melanesian societies – as elements of the social world as much as any external environmental sphere – means that resources become a conduit for local social and political agendas and tensions to be expressed. The nature of traditional conflict in Melanesian societies is discussed as a guide to the better management and resolution of what appear to be ‘resource’ conflicts in Papua New Guinea.     

水稻机插缺丛条件下自然补偿能力研究

为了提高机插水稻的产量和经济效益,通过田间模拟缺丛试验,研究缺丛对产量造成的影响及其自然补偿能力。结果表明,在缺丛率为0%(CK)、5%、10%、15%、20%五个处理中,水稻产量随着缺丛率增加而下降,减产幅度为2.5%~6.3%,缺丛率达10%以上,减产达显著水平。缺丛四周植株分蘖增强,而成穗率下降不太明显,有效穗数增加,单丛产量增加,从而对缺丛起到补偿作用,补偿作用随着缺丛率提高而增强。但仍不能完全弥补因缺丛所带来的穗数损失,导致减产。同时每穗总粒和实粒数、千粒重也随着缺丛率提高而相应有所降低。因此,机插水稻缺丛在所难免,缺丛率要控制在5%以下,当缺丛率达到10%以上时,应适当进行人工补缺,达到增产增效的目的。     

天然保鲜剂对韭薹保鲜效果的研究

本文旨在研究本课题组自制的天然保鲜剂在韭薹保鲜中的应用效果,结果表明：20 mL/L天然保鲜剂处理可显著抑制韭薹储藏期间的失重率、呼吸强度、腐烂指数和花苞开放率的上升,保持较高的叶绿素和维生素C含量,降低苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶(POD)和肉桂酸脱氢酶（CAD）活性,抑制纤维素和木质素积累,从而延缓韭薹的衰老与品质下降,延长储藏寿命,达到保鲜目的,显示出天然保鲜剂在韭薹采后保鲜中具有良好的应用前景。     

轿子山自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值评估

森林作为陆地生态系统的主体,在全球生态系统中发挥举足轻重的作用,其服务功能价值越来越受到人们的重视。以轿子山自然保护区的森林生态系统为研究对象,从物质量与价值量的角度,采用影子工程法、机会成本法、市场价值法等研究方法,对其生态系统服务功能的直接价值和间接价值进行了评估。结果表明,轿子山自然保护区森林生态系统服务功能价值达3.67×108元/a,其单位面积的经济价值为22 274.65元/（hm2?a）,其中直接价值为895.17×104元/a,仅占到服务功能总价值的2.44%,而间接价值高达3.58×108元/a,两者之比1：39.95,间接价值中大小顺序依次为：土壤保持>涵养水源>维持生物多样性>净化空气>固碳释氧>科研文化。轿子山自然保护区面积仅占到东川区和禄劝县总面积的3.09%,但贡献的生态服务价值可相当于两区县2008年GDP之和的6.60%,从人均来看,当地每人每年可获得其生态服务价值达470.69元。研究结果表明,轿子山自然保护区对维持当地可持续发展具有举足轻重的作用。     

对食用植物中天然毒素的初探

概述了食用有毒植物的种类,食用植物中天然毒素的种类及毒理特性,介绍了生活中常见食用植物中毒的症状及预防措施,为防止食物中毒,具有重要的现实意义。