Carbon sequestration potential of recommended management practices for paddy soils of China, 1980-2050

China's rice paddies, accounting for 19% of the world's total, play an important role in soil carbon (C) sequestration. In order to reduce uncertainties from upscaling spatial processes of the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model for improving the understanding of C sequestration under recommended management practices (RMPs), we parameterized the DNDC model with a 1:1,000,000 polygonal soil database to estimate how RMPs influence potential C sequestration of the top 30 cm of Chinese paddy soils and to identify which management practices have the greatest potential to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) in these soils. These practices include reduced/no tillage, increasing crop residue return, and increasing manure applications. A baseline and eleven RMP scenarios were projected from 2009 to 2080, including traditional and conservation tillage, increasing crop residue return, increasing manure incorporation, and the combination of these practices. The results indicated that C sequestration potential under modeled RMPs increased compared to the baseline scenario, and varied greatly from 29.2 to 847.7 Tg C towards the end of the study period with an average rate of 0.7 to 20.2 Tg C yr^− 1. In general, increasing crop residue return was associated with higher rates of C sequestration when compared to increasing manure application or practicing conservation tillage. The simulations demonstrated that the most effective soil C sequestration strategy probably involves the implementation of a combination of RMPs, and that they vary by location.     

Plant species traits regulate methane production in freshwater wetland soils

Ecosystem and biogeochemical responses to anthropogenic stressors are the result of complex interactions between plants and microbes. A mechanistic understanding of how plant traits influence microbial processes is needed in order to predict the ecosystem-level effects of natural or anthropogenic change. This is particularly true in wetland ecosystems, where plants alter the availability of both electron donors (e.g., organic carbon) and electron acceptors (e.g., oxygen and ferric iron), thereby regulating the total amount of anaerobic respiration and the production of methane, a highly potent greenhouse gas. In this study, we examined how plant traits associated with plant inputs of carbon (photosynthesis and biomass) and oxygen (root porosity and ferric iron on roots) to mineral soils relate to microbial competition for organic carbon and, ultimately, methane production. Plant productivity was positively correlated with microbial respiration and negatively correlated to methane production. Root porosity was relatively constant across plant species, but belowground biomass, total biomass, and the concentration of oxidized (ferric) iron on roots varied significantly between species. As a result the size of the total root oxidized iron pool varied considerably across plant species, scaling with plant productivity. Large pools of oxidized iron were related to high CO₂:CH₄ ratios during microbial respiration, indicating that as plant productivity and biomass increased, microbes used non-methanogenic respiration pathways, most likely including the reduction of iron oxides. Taken together these results suggest that increased oxygen input from plants with greater biomass can offset any potential stimulation of methanogenic microbes from additional carbon inputs. Because the species composition of plant communities influences both electron donor and acceptor availability in wetland soils, changes in plant species as a consequence of anthropogenic disturbance have the potential to trigger profound effects on microbial processes, including changes in anaerobic decomposition rates and the proportion of mineralized carbon emitted as the greenhouse gas methane.     

Efficacy of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance and noxious gas emission in growing pigs

We investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics (synbiotics) on growth performance, noxious gas emission and fecal pathogenic bacteria populations in growing pigs. The basal diet, which contained approximately 25% corn, 24% whey, 12% wheat and 12% soybean meal, was supplemented alternatively with 0.15% antibiotics (US diet), prebiotics and 0.2% probiotics from anaerobic bacteria (BS diet), yeast (YS diet), mold (MS diet) or compounds (CS diet). One hundred and fifty pigs were fed an experimental diet for 15 days. Although the growth performance was not affected by supplemental synbiotics, the BS group showed higher dry matter and crude protein digestibility. The BS group decreased fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions, and increased fecal acetate gas emission compared with the US group. All synbiotics groups decreased in fecal propionate gas emission. Fecal Escherichia coli population was lower in the synbiotics groups than in the US group. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics exert similar effects with antibiotics on the nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in growing pigs. Moreover, synbiotics can also decrease the fecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs.     

基于PCA方法以牧草营养成分评判青海省海南州天然草地类型质量初探

为了科学评价天然草地各草地类型中牧草饲料品质的质量,在常规分析的基础上,采用主成分分析法对青海省海南州天然草地各草地类型中的牧草饲料进行了综合质量评定和量化评估,通过对天然草地各草地类型牧草饲料品质主成分分析的综合得分进行对比,较为全面客观地评价了天然草地各草地类型的优劣。结果表明,天然草地各草地类型中高寒草原类牧草饲料品质最好,其次是低平地草甸类、高寒草甸类、温性荒漠类、温性荒漠草原类、温性草原类。     

自然低温胁迫下腰果幼苗抗寒生理指标的研究

以腰果FL30幼苗为试材,测定在自然低温胁迫下相对电导率、丙二醛、可溶性糖、脯氨酸等生理指标,探索腰果在低温胁迫下的生理响应机制。结果表明:随着低温胁迫时间的延长,腰果叶片的脯氨酸含量持续上升;相对电导率、丙二醛和可溶性糖含量表现出先上升后下降又上升的变化规律,而下降所持续的时间不同。     

张家口市观花植物主要害虫和天敌种类调查

2010年采用定期定点调查的方法,调查了张家口市11种草本花卉、4种花灌木的害虫种类和天敌种类其危害情况,以期完善张家口市观花植物害虫名录,为园林植保工作提供理论基础.结果表明:所调查的草本花卉、花灌木及地被植物均受到不同程度的为害,其中在草本花卉上共调查到害虫26种,天敌10种;在花灌木及地被植物上共调查到害虫25种,天敌10种.     

甘肃省相对资源承载力的动态变化与区域差异研究

采用相对资源承载力的方法,分析了甘肃省及各地区2001-2008年相对自然资源承载力、相对经济资源承载力和综合承载力及其变化过程。结果表明：甘肃省的承载状态自2003年以后处于富余状态,自然资源成为甘肃省主要承载资源;甘肃省超载最严重的是临夏,其次是陇南,然后依次是天水、甘南、定西、武威。省会兰州、嘉峪关、金昌、白银、...     

红蓼种子中杀黏虫活性成分的初步分析

［目的］ 对红蓼种子乙酸乙酯萃取物中具有潜在杀虫活性的化合物进行初步分析,为指导开发利用杀虫植物资源提供依据。［方法］ 采用硅胶柱层析和气相色谱 质谱(GC MS)联用法,以5龄黏虫为试虫;对红蓼种子萃取物的有效杀虫活性成分进行分析,应用色谱峰面积归一法测定各组分的相对百分含量。［结果］ 极性（甲醇）组分共分离出37个色谱峰,鉴定了其中的35个组分,占总含量的94.46%。弱极性（二氯甲烷）组分共分离出39个色谱峰,鉴定出39个组分。［结论］ 从成分的化学结构推断,红蓼种子的杀虫活性可能存在于14种成分中,主要成分为酮、醇、开环萜和五环三萜烷类化合物。     

油菜小麦邻作模式对麦蚜主要天敌种群动态以及小麦生产的影响*

麦蚜是危害我国小麦生产的重要害虫。本试验探索了油菜小麦邻作模式以及小麦单作模式对麦蚜主要天敌发生的影响,以小麦和油菜交界处向两边各在0、2、4、6、8、16 m处设立试验小区,记录麦蚜主要天敌发生数量以及测定小麦株高、穗长、穗重、千粒重,揭示油菜小麦邻作模式对小麦生产的影响。结果表明：随着油菜的成熟,瓢虫逐渐向油菜小麦邻近处转移,且迁移的最有效距离为4 m;对邻作小麦田蚜茧蜂数量最高峰当日数据进行分析,发现除最高的0 m（2009年）和4 m（2010年）处外,其他各距离之间不存在显著差异,而单作田各距离之间蚜茧蜂数量上的差异不明显;相比于小麦单作模式,油菜小麦邻作显著提高了小麦的株高、穗长、穗重、千粒重。总之,油菜小麦邻作模式有利于麦蚜主要天敌向小麦田转移,并能提高小麦的产量和生物量。