Variation and distribution of virulence phenotypes of Bremia lactucae in natural populations of Lactuca serriola

During 1997–2000 the virulence variation and distribution of virulence phenotypes of Bremia lactucae (lettuce downy mildew) in natural populations of Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce) were studied. Altogether 139 isolates of B. lactucae originating from the Czech Republic, France and Germany were examined for the presence of 27 virulence factors (v-factors) and their combinations. In the Czech population, 37 different v-phenotypes (P1–P37) of B. lactucae were found to occur on L. serriola . Most v-phenotypes were characterized by v-factors that match resistance ( Dm genes/R-factors) carried by L. serriola . A wide diversity of v-phenotypes was recorded every year, but most were rare and did not reappear in other populations of B. lactucae . The three v-phenotypes P21, P28 and P29 were most frequent and widely distributed. There was variation both between spatially isolated populations and within populations of the pathogen. Geographic differences in virulence were found for the southern parts of Moravia, where the phenotypic composition of pathogen populations was completely different from the remaining part of the area investigated. However, some populations had v-phenotypes similar to those of spatially distant populations in Moravia.     

柽柳有效天敌昆虫筛选标准的建立

参照前人对杂草天敌筛选标准、植物与昆虫互作理论和近年来对柽柳原产地主要天敌生物学特性的研究结果，制定出柽柳天敌遴选量化标准，共计10项特征，满分为47分。并以此对取食柽柳的12种天敌进行了筛选。柽柳条叶甲得分最高（43分），其次是斯氏伞锥象（41分），推荐这2种天敌昆虫作为首选天敌引入美国做进一步评价。     

Contact and fumigant activities of constituents of Foeniculum vulgare fruit against three coleopteran stored‐product insects

The insecticidal activities of materials derived from the fruit of fennel, Foeniculum vulgare, against adults of Sitophilus oryzae, Callosobruchus chinensis and Lasioderma serricorne were examined using direct contact application and fumigation methods. The biologically active constituents of the Foeniculum fruits were characterized as the phenylpropenes (E)‐anethole and estragole, and the monoterpene (+)‐fenchone, by spectroscopic analysis. Responses varied with insect species, compound, dose and exposure time. In a filter paper diffusion test, estragole at 0.168 mg cm^?2 caused 91% mortality to S oryzae adults within 1 day after treatment (DAT), whereas (+)‐fenchone and (E)‐anethole gave over 90% mortality at 2 and 4 DAT, respectively. Against C chinensis adults, all test compounds revealed potent insecticidal activities at 0.021 mg cm^?2 at 2 DAT. Against L serricorne adults at 0.105 mg cm^?2, (E)‐anethole gave 100% mortality at 1 DAT, whereas 90 and 60% mortality at 4 DAT was achieved with estragole and (+)‐fenchone, respectively. In a fumigation test, the test compounds were much more effective against adults of S oryzae, C chinensis and L serricorne in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the insecticidal activity of test compounds was largely attributable to fumigant action. As naturally occurring insect‐control agents, the F vulgare fruit‐derived materials described could be useful for managing field populations of S oryzae, C chinensis and L serricorne. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

云南甘蔗害虫天敌及其自然控制作用

本文简述了云南蔗区甘蔗主要害虫天敌资源及其对害虫的自然控制作用。在云南蔗田内 ,控制甘蔗害虫发生的生物因子主要的可分为捕食性和寄生性两大类。合理保护利用天敌 ,充分发挥天敌对害虫的自然调控作用 ,这对保护生态环境 ,维护蔗田生态平衡 ,提高害虫综合治理水平 ,促进蔗糖业可持续发展均具有重要意义。     

甘肃省相对资源承载力的动态变化与区域差异研究

采用相对资源承载力的方法,分析了甘肃省及各地区2001-2008年相对自然资源承载力、相对经济资源承载力和综合承载力及其变化过程。结果表明：甘肃省的承载状态自2003年以后处于富余状态,自然资源成为甘肃省主要承载资源;甘肃省超载最严重的是临夏,其次是陇南,然后依次是天水、甘南、定西、武威。省会兰州、嘉峪关、金昌、白银、...     

果实贮藏保鲜技术的研究进展

寻找安全有效的果实采后防腐、杀菌技术,已成为果实保鲜领域的重要课题之一。阐述国内外果实采后贮藏保鲜研究的最新进展,详细介绍天然果蔬保鲜剂、采后热处理、气体调控、乙烯拮抗和基因工程等保鲜方法的作用机理及应用效果,以期为延长果实贮藏期提供参考。     

土壤固有频率与孔隙度、含水率的关系研究

为确定土壤含水率、土壤孔隙度与土壤固有频率的关系,采用自制的土壤压实机械进行土壤试样制作,运用试验模态分析法,进行不同含水率和孔隙度下土壤固有频率的测定。获得了不同孔隙度下土壤固有频率和土壤含水率的关系曲线以及不同含水率下土壤固有频率和土壤孔隙度的关系曲线。分析结果表明:土壤试样含水率为3%~15%时,当土壤孔隙度一定,土壤试样固有频率除含水率为3%时呈线性增长,其余含水率均为先增大至含水率为9%左右后开始降低;土壤试样孔隙度为40%~48%时,当土壤含水率一定,土壤的固有频率随着土壤孔隙度的升高而增大。试验结果可为研究不同农机具作业后土壤—车辆振动系统的传递提供依据。     

自然冷资源低温储藏仓设计与稻谷储藏试验

为解决稻谷在高温干燥和储藏过程中品质损失问题,设计了自然冷资源低温储藏仓,利用冬季环境下形成的自然冰为高含水率稻谷制冷,以减少高温干燥稻谷工序并减少储藏期间稻谷的品质劣变。试验检测自然冷资源低温储藏仓内稻谷的储藏品质与加工品的变化,并与传统常温仓做对比,结果表明:所设计的自然冷资源低温储藏仓供冷均匀、能耗低、无污染,其制冷系统的能效比为3.54;初始含水率为16.5%的高含水率稻谷在自然冷资源低温储藏仓中能安全储藏5个月,平均含水率呈缓慢下降趋势,最终达到(15.1±0.5)%;自然冷资源低温储藏仓中稻谷粮温稳定,平均粮温为9.8℃;储藏期结束后,稻谷脂肪酸质量比为18.3 mg/(100 g),发芽率为86.75%,霉菌总数为5.1×104CFU/g,自然冷资源低温储藏仓中稻谷的出糙率和整精米率比常温储藏的稻谷分别提高了5.41个百分点和9.57个百分点,裂纹率比常温仓的稻谷降低了13.88个百分点,自然冷资源低温储藏仓中稻谷的储藏品质和加工品质显著优于常温仓中稻谷。     

自然通风条件下塑料大棚温度和湿度模拟

为了深入研究大棚通风对大棚内温、湿度影响,基于能量与物质平衡原理建立了大棚内部温、湿度预测模型,对大棚内部温、湿度进行预测模拟,并以试验观测数据对模型进行了检验。结果表明,模拟晴天天窗开度50%(处理1)与100%(处理2)时,大棚温度预测值和实测值决定系数分别为0.98、0.99,相对湿度预测值和实测值决定系数为0.9,模型能较好的预测棚内温、湿度;大通风面积对大棚内温、湿度影响大于小通风面积,通风面积对大棚内温度影响比相对湿度影响明显。研究结果可为通风条件下塑料大棚温、湿度环境控制研究及南方塑料大棚生产管理提供参考依据。     

外源多酚添加条件下干红葡萄酒颜色和花色苷特性研究

颜色是红葡萄酒重要的感官特征和质量评价指标,花色苷是红葡萄酒呈色、稳定和营养功能的重要物质基础。既往研究极少探讨外源添加天然色素对红葡萄酒颜色质量和花色苷的影响。选取赤霞珠干红葡萄酒为研究对象,于酒精发酵前和发酵后分别添加天然色素Ⅰ和天然色素Ⅱ2种色素,并以添加黄岑苷、绿原酸和没食子酸3种多酚为对照,探究对葡萄酒颜色特征、花色苷种类与含量的影响。结果发现：在发酵前添加天然色素Ⅰ和Ⅱ使得酒体颜色加深、红色色调加强、花色苷含量增加。在发酵后添加以上多酚对葡萄酒颜色和花色苷的影响弱于发酵前添加,但添加天然色素Ⅰ仍然有利于花色苷含量的保持,只是效果弱于发酵前添加。其余多酚物质处理对供试酒样颜色品质影响较小。研究结果表明发酵前添加多酚物质更有利于红葡萄酒颜色品质的提升和稳定、花色苷含量的保持和稳定,天然色素Ⅰ是相对最优质的辅色剂。