硫酸亚铁诱导根表铁膜形成对水稻吸收和转运铜锌的影响

通过水培条件下添加硫酸亚铁诱导水稻根表铁膜的形成,利用连二亚硫酸钠-柠檬酸钠-碳酸氢钠(DCB)溶液对根表铁膜进行提取后测定,采用扫描电镜-能谱仪(SEM-EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)等手段对硫酸亚铁诱导产生的根表铁膜进行表征,并分析根表铁膜对水稻吸收铜锌的影响。结果表明,添加硫酸亚铁可以诱导根表铁膜在水稻根系表面产生,未处理的水稻根表Fe含量为731 mg·kg~(-1),80 mg·kg~(-1) Fe~(2+)处理下水稻根表Fe含量为53 562 mg·kg~(-1);SEM-EDS和XRD分析发现大量颗粒状含铁化合物附着于水稻根表。与未经硫酸亚铁处理相比,有根表铁膜水稻的铁膜中,其Cu含量最高增加73.16%,Zn含量最高增加112.10%;水稻根系Cu含量最高降低31.15%,Zn含量最高降低13.02%;水稻茎叶Cu含量最高降低19.50%,Zn含量最高降低25.56%。土壤添加硫酸亚铁可以显著降低水稻对Cu和Zn的吸收与积累。     

水稻根际促生菌的筛选鉴定及促生能力分析

植物根际促生菌（Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR）可分泌植物生长激素,促进土壤养分循环,是生物肥料重要的种质资源。本文从水稻根际土壤分离纯化根际促生菌,进行菌株鉴定,测定其促生能力。经过16S rDNA测序比对,筛选得到解磷菌4株（Bacillus pumilus LZP02,Bacillus aryabhattai LZP08,Staphylococcus epidermidis LZP10,Bacillus ginsengisoli LZP05）,溶磷菌3株（Bacillus megaterium LZP03,Bacillus oryzaecorticis LZP04,Bacillus ginsengisoli LZP07）,解钾菌3株（Bacillus aryabhattai LZP01,Bacillus subtilis LZP06,Bacillus licheniformis LZP09）。养分转化能力测试结果表明,Bacillus aryabhattai LZP01和Bacillus subtilis LZP06解钾能力较好;Bacillus pumilus LZP02和Bacillus huizhouensis LZP05解磷能力较强;Bacillus megaterium LZP03和Bacillusginsengisoli LZP07溶磷能力较好。对养分转化能力较强的菌株进行激素分泌能力测定,结果表明6种菌株均能产生生长素、赤霉素,均具有合成铁载体的能力。综合分析菌株养分转化与激素分泌能力发现,Bacillus megaterium LZP03、Bacillus huizhouensis LZP05和Bacillus subtilis LZP06促生能力较强,具有较强的开发利用潜力。研究成果为水稻微生物肥料的开发与生产提供了理论和技术支持。     

两种典型炭材料对微生物还原含砷水铁矿的影响及其机制研究

研究了活性炭和生物炭对Shewanella oneidensis MR-1还原含砷水铁矿过程的影响,并探究了这一过程中砷的释放、转化及其在次生矿物中的分布。研究结果表明:在培养初期活性炭和生物炭抑制了含砷水铁矿中铁的微生物还原过程,可能的原因是活性炭和生物炭抑制了菌的生长,荧光染色结果证实了这一过程;在培养中期,微生物逐渐适应培养环境,并使铁还原持续进行,培养结束时活性炭和生物炭显著增加了含砷水铁矿中铁还原的比例。培养基中的磷酸根通过置换作用使水铁矿中的部分砷释放至溶液,而微生物还原含砷水铁矿过程中,活性炭和生物炭抑制了溶液中砷的去除。此外,微生物还原含砷铁矿过程中,依次生成了蓝铁矿和菱铁矿两种次生矿物。SEM-EDX结果表明,在两种次生矿物中,砷主要被蓝铁矿固定。该结果有助于我们从氧化还原的角度评估活性炭和生物炭在农业环境应用过程中的环境效应。     

土壤游离氧化铁高光谱特征与定量反演

【目的】建立基于可见-近红外光谱的土壤游离铁精确预测模型,简单、快速、经济地预测土壤游离铁,有助于研究土壤发生和分类。【方法】采集广西壮族自治区的铁铝土、富铁土、淋溶土和雏形土等82个旱地土壤剖面的B层土壤,进行室内土壤化学分析、光谱测定,分析不同光谱变换后的光谱反射率与土壤游离铁含量的相关性。基于特征波段利用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和逐步多元线性回归(SMLR)法建立土壤游离铁含量光谱预测模型,通过决定系数(R2)、均方根误差(RMSE)和相对预测偏差(PRD)确定最优模型。【结果】土壤光谱曲线分别在457、800和900 nm波段附近有明显的游离铁吸收和反射峰特征;土壤游离铁含量与原始光谱反射率呈负相关;原始光谱经过微分变换后,游离铁含量与光谱反射率相关性显著提高;基于400～580和760～1 300 nm特征波段和一阶微分光谱变换的SMLR模型预测精度最高,其验证集的R2和RPD分别为0.85和2.62,RMSE为8.41 g·kg~(-1)。【结论】将可见近红外光谱技术应用于土壤游离铁含量高效快速地预测具有良好的可行性。广西旱地土壤光谱反射率与土壤游离铁含量具有高度的相关性,应用逐步多元线性回归方法可以很好地建立土壤游离铁含量反演模型。     

不同形式补铁补硒对仔猪生长性能、血液生化指标、免疫性能的影响

[目的] 比较母猪和仔猪不同形式的补铁补硒对仔猪生产性能、血液生化指标、免疫性能的影响。[方法] 将32头母猪随机分为8组,每组4头,1~4组基础日粮中添加硫酸亚铁和亚硒酸钠,5~8组基础日粮中添加甘氨酸螯合铁和硒代蛋氨酸。2组和6组母猪所产仔猪于3日龄肌注铁硒合剂;3组和7组仔猪基础日粮中添加硫酸亚铁和亚硒酸钠;4组和8组仔猪基础日粮中添加甘氨酸螯合铁和硒代蛋氨酸;1组和5组仔猪饲喂基础日粮,不接受任何形式的补铁补硒。母猪预产期前30 d开始饲喂试验日粮,仔猪7日龄时开始饲喂试验日粮,试验至仔猪21日龄断奶结束。测定并比较不同组别仔猪生长性能指标、血液生化指标以及免疫性能指标,以及不同组别母猪初乳和常乳中的铁硒含量。[结果] 在仔猪补铁补硒形式相同的条件下,母猪基础日粮中添加甘氨酸螯合铁和硒代蛋氨酸（5~8组）与基础日粮中补充硫酸亚铁和亚硒酸钠（1~4组）相比,能够显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）提高仔猪的初生重、断奶重、断奶存活率、断奶合格率,2日龄和21日龄血浆铁含量、血浆硒含量、血红蛋白含量、血浆转铁蛋白含量、IgA含量、IgG含量、IgM含量,以及母猪初乳和常乳中的铁硒含量;在2种形式的母猪补铁补硒条件下,与不补铁补硒相比,仔猪不同补铁补硒形式（2~4组和6~8组）对其断奶重、断奶存活率、断奶合格率,以及21日龄血浆铁含量、血浆硒含量、血红蛋白含量、血浆转铁蛋白含量、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性、IgA含量、IgG含量、IgM含量均有极显著（P<0.01）的提高作用,并且仔猪基础日粮中添加甘氨酸螯合铁和硒代蛋氨酸的效果优于肌注铁硒合剂和基础日粮中补充硫酸亚铁和亚硒酸钠。[结论] 母猪和仔猪基础日粮中添加甘氨酸螯合铁和硒代蛋氨酸,能有效提升仔猪的生长性能、血液生化指标和免疫性能。     

某生活饮用地下水源处理工程设计方案

地下水具有水质较好、水温稳定、出水水质的特点,是生活饮用水的首选水源。同时,地下水易于对水源地进行卫生防护,防止可能对水源造成的污染。本项目是北方城镇生活供水工程,采用地下水源,水源水质含铁、锰较高,因此需经除铁、锰后达到生活饮用水标准再供居民饮用。     

Iron and zinc accumulation in winter wheat regulated by NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE responded to increasing nitrogen levels

Nitrogen (N) is critical for micronutrient biofortification in wheat grain and is essential for a series of nitrogenous compounds biosynthesis. This study aims to assess the role of improved N supply in iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) enrichment and expression of genes related to Zn and Fe chelation and transport in winter wheat. Potting and hydroponic culture experiments were conducted to study the effect of increasing N application on Zn and Fe uptake and translocation from roots to leaves and the temporal and spatial gene expression profiles of the NICOTIANAMINE SYNTHASE (NAS) genes in wheat. Plants were grown with low, medium and high N supply levels. The results showed that higher N application increased Fe and Zn content in leaves, and decreased Fe and Zn content in root compared with the lower N supply. High N application also increased the distribution of Fe and Zn from roots to leaves. Expression analysis showed that increased N application resulted in up-regulation of two wheat NAS genes, TaNAS1 and TaNAS2. Highly positive response between NAS genes and increasing N application indicated that abundance nicotianamine (NA) resulted from highly expressed NAS genes might involve in the chelation of Fe and Zn in the phloem and favor Fe and Zn uptake and accumulation in wheat leaves.     

A nutritional disorder in pistachio from near Athens,Greece

Abstract

A problem pistachio orchard near Athens, Greece had many trees with severely scorched leaves. Half or more of each leaflet v/as brown and dry but tips and edges were most affected. Affected leaves were also of lighter green color than normal leaves and slightly resembled Fe deficiency. Leaf analysis indicated low K, low Fe, and high Mg. Irrigation water contained moderate levels of Mg and Na chlorides and chloride toxicity was possibly another factor. Improvement was observed when Fe chelate was applied to the orchard but Mg‐induced K deficiency was possibly a major factor. Response to K applied to soil was not observed after four months, however.     

The use of dialysis cells for investigating pore water composition in wetland substrata,with particular reference to dissolved iron and sulphide

Abstract

Details and some evaluation are given of the use of a dialysis method for sampling pore water from depth in wetland substrata (peats), with particular reference to measurement of concentrations of ion species with stabilities dependent on redox potential. The method is based upon the burial and subsequent retrieval (after equilibration) of cells made from dialysis membrane filled with deionized water. Preliminary results of field investigations of concentrations of dissolved iron and sulphide in the pore water of base‐rich mires, as sampled by this method, are given. Results suggest that the method could have very considerable application and that its potential, and possible problems, deserve further examination.     

The role ofPseudomonas spp. and competition for carbon,nitrogen and iron in the enhancement of appressorium formation byColletotrichum coccodes on velvetleaf

Colletotrichum coccodes is currently being investigated as a mycoherbicide against the weed velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Two isolates ofPseudomonas spp. (Ps2 and Ps5) reduced the percentage of germ tubes and increased appressorial formation ofC. coccodes on detached leaves of velvetleaf. A study was conducted to see whether this effect could be attributed to competition for nutrients or iron betweenC. coccodes andPseudomonas spp. Ps2 and Ps5 had no effect on early spore germination, but reduced the percentage of germ tubes at 24 and 30 h, compared to the nontreated control. This reduction was diminished by the addition of nutrients but not Fe³⁺. Ps2 and Ps5 stimulated the formation of dark-coloured appressoria without germ tubes (AWGT), but this stimulation was diminished by the addition of nutrients or Fe³⁺. Germ tube branching at 30 h was also inhibited by the bacteria, but was not diminished by the addition of nutrients or iron. EDTA stimulated conidial germination at 10 h, which was reduced by the addition of Fe³⁺. However, EDTA did not stimulate the formation of appressoria (AWGT). These results suggest that the reduction in the percentage of germ tubes and the increase in the percentage of appressoria induced by the bacteria may be due to the competition for carbon or nitrogen. Iron competition may also be involved in the stimulation of appressorial formation, but not in the reduction in germ tube percentage and branching. Phylloplane bacteria may compete for carbon, nitrogen and iron, limiting the saprophytic phase of the pathogen on the phylloplane and accelerating the development of the parasitic phase. This may enhance the field efficacy ofC. coccodes as a biocontrol agent against velvetleaf.