Design of wood/montmorillonite (MMT) intercalation nanocomposite

Studying new wood composites through nano science and technology (NSC) will develop new compounding theory of wood, and accelerate the combination of new technology, wood science, material science and other disciplines. The compounding of wood and inorganic MMT on nanoscale molecular level has high potential to greatly improve the mechanical properties, fire retardance, abrasion resistance, decay resistance, dimensional stability and other properties of wood. Based on the great achievements of polymer/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites, this paper reviewed nano intercalation compounding methods (i.e. in-situ intercalative polymerization and direct polymer intercalation), and discussed the structure, properties and modification of montmorillonite (MMT). According to the main chemical components and particular structure of wood, the authors discussed the liquefaction and plasticization of wood, compared the dissolvability and meltability between wood and polymer, and then systematically put forward the basic idea, technological processes and schematic diagram to prepare wood/MMT nanocomposites (WMNC). The key technology to prepare WMNC is either to introduce delaminated MMT nanolayers into wood with the help of some intermediate polymers, or to obtain liquefied wood or plasticized wood from the complicated natural composite. It is applicable and effective to realize wood/MMT nanoscale compounding with the help of proper intercalation agent and medium polymer through the proposed “one-step” or “two-step” impregnating processes.     

遮荫处理对铁尾矿基质臭柏实生苗快速叶绿素荧光特性的影响

【目的】通过比较分析铁尾矿基质下不同遮荫处理间臭柏实生苗叶片原初光化学反应的差异,揭示臭柏在不同光照条件下的光保护机制,从理论上解释其天然更新过程,为臭柏光胁迫的研究提供理论依据,也为臭柏在铁尾矿废弃地造林提供技术依据。【方法】以唐山迁安铁尾矿为基质,通过盆栽遮荫试验,利用快速叶绿荧光诱导动力学测定与 JIP-test数据分析方法,分别测定0,25%,50%,75%和90%5个遮荫处理下臭柏叶绿素8项荧光参数。【结果】1)全光照条件下Fo 增大,Fm 减小,而叶片光合系统量子产额和能量分配比率(φPo,Ψo和φEo)、单位面积光合机构的比活性参数(Fm,ETo/CSm和 TRo/CSm)和单位面积内反应中心的数量(RC/CSm)均最小,且各个遮荫处理组间差异均达到显著(P＜0.05)或极显著水平(P＜0.01),表明全光照条件下臭柏实生苗反应中心失活,受到光抑制,而全光照下快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线中 K 点与 J 点明显高于其他遮荫处理,而且光抑制对臭柏叶片PSⅡ的供体侧(OEC)有伤害,造成PSⅡ受体侧(Q －A )的大量积累,阻碍电子传递链向Q －A 下游传递。2)全光照条件下叶片热耗散的量子比率(φDo )和单位面积光合机构的比活性参数( DIo/CSm )均最大,且与其他遮荫处理组间差异也均达到显著(P＜0.05)或极显著水平(P＜0.01),表明全光照条件下臭柏在遭受光抑制后,通过增加天线色素的热耗散,增加非辐射能量耗散等一系列机制来保护光合机构免受过量光能的危害。3)随着遮荫率增加,φPo ,Ψo和φEo,Fm(ABS/CSm),ETo/CSm和TRo/CSm,RC/CSm随之上升,而φDo和Fo(ABS/CSo),DIo/CSm随之下降,90%遮荫处理表现出明显的光捕捉特征,50%遮荫处理 Fm ,PIABS的平均值最大,说明该遮荫条件下臭柏叶片光抑制最小,光合能力最强,其他参数在不同遮荫处理组间无明显差异( P＜0.05)。【结论】臭柏幼苗若无遮荫措施,受到光胁迫,而其通过增加非辐射能量耗散途径达到光抑制防御的机制。因此臭柏天然更新从乌柳灌丛下开始,逐渐脱离乌柳灌丛的保护,完全暴露在全光照条件下,进而实现自身的不断生长、壮大,但在废弃地上植苗造林初期尚需采取一定的遮荫措施,以提高造林成活率。     

Slug control in Australian canola: monitoring, molluscicidal baits and economic thresholds

Exotic slugs have become serious pests of canola, at establishment, in Southern Australian high-rainfall cropping zones. Slugs were monitored using relatively inexpensive 300 mm x 300 mm terracotta tiles acting as refuges. An investigation was made of the effects of the time of application of chelated iron baits on the slug species Deroceras reticulatum Müller and Lehmannia nyctelia Bourguignat. Baits reduced the number of surface-active slug species. A single application at sowing provided greater efficacy than one application before sowing, and efficacy was comparable with that of two applications. Canola seedling densities showed a negative response to D. reticulatum numbers; the presence of even one individual per refuge trap reduced seedling numbers below optimum densities. Thistles and other vegetation were associated with increased numbers of slugs. European guidelines for slug monitoring and damage appear to be at least partly applicable to Australian conditions.     

浒苔多糖及多糖铁对水稻育苗生长的影响

通过水稻育苗实验,对比分析了浒苔多糖（EP）和多糖铁（EPI）对水稻育苗生长的影响。研究发现,浒苔多糖和多糖铁对水稻具有显著的促生长作用。水稻的氮含量、叶绿素及可溶性糖含量,相对于空白组,浒苔多糖处理组分别提高了42.2%、45.9%、2.7%,多糖铁组相对提高了48.2%、52.8%、4.3%,而多糖铁相对于多糖组提高了4.2%、4.7%、1.6%。另一方面,浒苔多糖和多糖铁显著提高了水稻的生长势,相对于空白组,多糖及多糖铁处理组的水稻的根长、株高、干重等指标显著增加,浒苔多糖处理组分别提高了9.2%、25.4%、27.0%,多糖铁组相对提高了48.0%、49.6%、39.8%,而多糖铁相对于多糖组分别提高了35.5%、19.3%、10.0%。因此,浒苔多糖和多糖铁可促进水稻体内氮元素的积累,促进叶绿素的合成,提高光合作用,增加可溶性糖的含量,从而提高水稻的生长势,表现在根长、株高和株重等指标显著增加,其中多糖铁对水稻的促生长作用更为显著,可为浒苔在农业中的高值化开发提供研究方向。     

铁碳复合材料活化过氧化氢吸附-氧化萘的机理

为探讨不同铁源对铁碳复合材料结构及其吸附-氧化萘污染的影响,分别以硫酸亚铁、氯化铁、硝酸铁、纳米零价铁和纳米四氧化三铁为铁源,葡萄糖为碳源,采用水热-碳热法合成了铁碳复合材料。采用比表面积测试、红外光谱仪、X射线衍射仪和电化学工作站分别测定材料的比表面积和孔结构、表面官能团、晶体结构和氧化还原能力,同时通过动力学实验研究不同复合材料吸附和活化过氧化氢氧化萘的效果。结果表明：Fe₂SO₄@C、FeCl₃@C和Fe（NO₃） ₃@C因较小的孔体积或较高的表面含氧官能团含量,而对萘的吸附去除率较低,且无法对萘的氧化起到活化作用。而nFe⁰@C和nFe₃O₄@C的孔体积较大,且生成结构态亚铁[Fe（Ⅱ）]和碳化三铁（Fe₃C）活性物质,可通过吸附和活化过氧化氢氧化去除萘,其中nFe₃O₄@C对萘的去除效果最好,去除率达到63.7%。研究表明,使用固态铁源制备的铁碳复合材料,具有较低的极性、较大的孔体积以及结晶较好的铁活性物质,在萘污染水体修复中具有较大应用潜力。     

微生物在不同pH下对水稻土胶体中砷释放的影响

为探讨水稻土胶体与类金属砷（As）的生物地球环境行为,本研究对比分析了微生物在初始pH=3和初始pH=7的不同酸碱条件下对土壤胶体负载As释放的作用差异,并揭示其内在机制。结果表明：在pH=3条件下微生物作用相对较弱,对胶体悬液pH与Eh影响较小,与无菌对照组相比,溶液中Fe²⁺与As含量均有所提高,且释放的As主要为氧化态As（Ⅴ）;在pH=7条件下微生物活性较强,至28 d时可使胶体悬液pH升至8.12,Eh降至-55 mV,形成强还原环境,铁还原溶解量明显增多,Fe²⁺含量是无菌对照组的2.79倍,并且胶体中吸附态As随着Fe的还原溶解而释放,主要为还原态As（Ⅲ）。相关性分析表明,土壤胶体中As的释放与铁氧化物的还原转化有关,溶液中As释放量与Fe²⁺含量呈显著正相关关系,尤其在中性条件下As（Ⅲ）含量与Fe²⁺极显著正相关（r=0.798**,P<0.01）。研究表明,在中性环境条件下较强的微生物活性可提高土壤胶体中铁氧化物的异化还原,同时增强As的释放与转化。     

纳米硒添加剂对褐牙鲆生长性能、耗氧率及排氨率的影响

在饲料中通过喷洒的方式添加液体纳米硒,测定不同浓度液体纳米硒对褐牙鲆生长性能、耗氧率及排氨率的影响。结果表明:与投喂基础饲料的对照组相比,饲料中添加纳米硒的试验组褐牙鲆的终末体质量、特定生长率及增重率显著提高,其中10 m L/kg组增长最为显著;肝体比、脏体比及肠体比对照组与试验组无显著差异;添加纳米硒可以增强褐牙鲆的耗氧率及排氨率,耗氧率在10 m L/kg时达到最高,排氨率在20 mL/kg时达到最高。