几种胡敏酸还原容量的表征与比较

还原容量(RC)是衡量胡敏酸(HA)还原特性的重要指标。采用饱和H2振荡法和土壤溶液法对HA分别进行化学和微生物预处理,分别以硝酸铁(Fe(NO3)3)、柠檬酸铁(FeCit)作电子受体,测定了三种HA(上海巨枫SH,天津光复TJ,缙云山JY)的本底还原容量(NRC),化学还原容量(CRC),微生物还原容量(MRC)。对不同电子受体条件下、不同初始状态和不同种类的胡敏酸的RC进行比较。结果表明：三种HA中,以缙云山土壤提取的胡敏酸RC值最高,还原容量最大,分别为20.21?0.26mmolc mol-1C (NRC)、26.02?1.12mmolc mol-1C (CRC)和29.29?1.56mmolc mol-1C (MRC)。两种电子受体中,采用Fe(NO3)3得到的RC明显高于在FeCit条件下。另外,溶液态HA的RC明显高于固态。由此证明胡敏酸还原容量是一个相对量;其容量大小不仅和自身结构、性质有关,也受到HA初始形态和不同电子受体的影响。对比三个还原容量指标发现CRC和MRC显著大于NRC,而CRC和MRC之间无明确大小关系,因此用CRC来表征HA被微生物还原后的还原容量(MRC)还需作进一步验证。     

四川盆地西部漂洗土壤区水体铁元素的分布特征

铁是水质监测的重要指标。为了弄清四川盆地西部漂洗土壤区不同水环境中铁的形态和含量、浅层潜水的季节动态及其形成原因,为该区土、水资源合理利用提供一定参考,于不同时期在四川省名山县漂洗土壤区采集潜水、池塘水、稻田和茶园沟渠地表水、土壤孔隙水及相应的土壤样品,分析了其铁的形态和含量及相应的理化性质。结果表明,从潜水和土壤孔隙水来看,潜水总铁和亚铁含量（分别为0.30、0.08mg·L^-1）均为最低,稻田孔隙水总铁和亚铁含量（分别为2.92、1.13mg·L^-1）均为最高,茶园孔隙水总铁和亚铁含量（3a生以下茶园分别为1.25、0.92mg·L^-1,6a生以上茶园分别为2.66、0.65mg·L^-1）居中;就稻田和茶园的土壤孔隙水与沟渠地表水比较而言,孔隙水总铁和亚铁含量总体上高于沟渠地表水相应的总铁和亚铁含量;潜水总铁和亚铁含量分别变动在0~0.86mg·L^-1和0~0.36mg·L^-1之间,其季节动态在不同区域间存在一定差异,与其所处地形部位及地表径流条件、离居民房屋和畜禽圈舍远近、土壤pH、有机质和铁元素的形态和含量、土地利用方式及作物种植年限、天气状况及水井自身氧化还原电位等条件有关。     

Effect of Elemental Sulfur Supply on Cadmium Uptake into Rice Seedlings When Cultivated in Low and Excess Cadmium Soils

Effects of sulfur (S) (0, 30 mg S kg^?1 soil) supply on cadmium (Cd) uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil [38.8 μg kg^?1 for diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable Cd] and in excessive-Cd soil (748.7 μg kg^?1 for DTPA-extractable Cd) were investigated in a combined soil–sand culture experiment. The significant difference in the Cd uptake into rice between –S and +S treatments were observed in relation to soil Cd levels. When rice was exposed to excessive Cd soil, application of S restrained the uptake of Cd into rice, the S supply tended to increase Cd uptake into rice when cultivated in low-Cd soil. The possible mechanisms explaining the interactions among soil Cd level, S supply, and Cd accumulation in rice are proposed. These results suggest that S fertilization may be important for the development approaches to reducing Cd accumulation in rice when cultivated Cd-contaminated soils.     

Comparing Nutrient Availability in Low-Fertility Soils using Ion Exchange Resin Capsules

Assessing the nutrient status of low-input, low-fertility desert soils poses some unique challenges. Commonly used soil analysis procedures and resin capsules generally assess nutrient status of fertile agricultural soils. Ion-exchange resin capsules (Unibest Company, Bozeman, Mont.) provide a viable alternative. A study was conducted to determine effectiveness of resin capsules to extract low levels of nutrients applied to native soils. Loamy sand and sandy clay loam desert soils from Utah were treated with combinations of four rates of nitrogen (N) as ammonium nitrate (34–0–0), three rates of phosphorus (P) as phosphoric acid (0–72–0), and two rates of iron sulfate (FeSO₄·7H₂O) and zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄·7H₂O) (include an untreated control). Each soil treatment was implanted with a resin capsule placed into either 250 or 1000 cm³ of soil after addition of water equivalent to 50% field capacity and incubated for either 60 or 120 days at 25 °C. After the appropriate incubation time, capsules were washed and extracted using 2 M hydrochloric acid (HCl), and the extract was used to measure iron (Fe), ammonium (NH₄)-N, nitrate (NO₃)-N, sulfur (S), and zinc (Zn). Conventional soil tests were completed on incubated soils (60 or 120 days). Resin capsules reflected NH₄-N and P fertilizer applied at low rates in the loamy sand but not in the sandy clay loam. Neither Fe nor Zn application was reflected in resin capsules, but the accompanying S was clearly quantified. In comparison to conventional soil test procedures, resin capsule NH₄-N was clearly a better indicator than KCl-extractable NH₄-N; resin capsule NO₃-N was effective, but not as good an indicator as water extraction; and resin capsule P was reflective of soil applied P in loamy sand but not in sandy clay loam, whereas sodium bicarbonate was effective in both soils. Resin capsules show promise for use in low-input conditions, but additional understanding of interactions in variable soils is needed.     

发酵脱氢产氢过程对微生物铁还原的影响

发酵型微生物是铁还原菌中的主要类群,但其发酵产氢过程对铁还原的作用尚不清楚,为此采用接种水稻土浸提液混合培养的方法对微生物分别利用葡萄糖、丙酮酸盐和乳酸盐为碳源时,Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程中脱氢酶活性变化、培养体系pH、氢气分压及铁还原特征进行分析,探讨了发酵微生物脱氢产氢过程与微生物Fe（Ⅲ）还原的内在关系。结果表明：2种水稻土浸提液中的微生物均能够以葡萄糖为优势碳源进行脱氢、产氢及还原氧化铁,Fe（OH）,可以诱导脱氢酶的产生,利用葡萄糖时脱氢酶活性在厌氧培养的4-6d出现最大峰值,利用丙酮酸盐和乳酸盐时脱氢酶活性出现峰值的时间分别为培养的15d和21-22d,脱氢酶活性出现峰值的时间与最大铁还原速率Vmax显著负相关、与最大反应速率对应的时间zk存在显著正相关关系。脱氢产氢过程中产生的H＋导致培养体系pH的变化是影响铁还原过程的主要原因,培养体系pH与体系氢气分压及Fe（Ⅱ）累积量呈极显著负相关。微生物利用不同碳源产氢时,利用葡萄糖的产氢能力最高,丙酮酸盐次之,乳酸盐最低。Fe（OH）3的加入增加了氢气的消耗量,培养体系氢气分压与Fe（Ⅱ）累积量存在极显著正相关关系。     

Inhibitors of methane production in paddy soils

Global warming is now attracting the world attention. Methane is an important greenhouse gas next to CO₂. Prather et al. (1995) estimated that rice paddy fields account for 14% of all biogenic atmospheric methane. It is considered that methane production from rice paddy fields is increasing along with the increase of the population. Therefore, the development of rice cultivation techniques for reducing methane production is essential, in order to preserve the global environment.     

温度对酸性草酸-草酸铵溶液浸提土壤无定形铁的影响

以下蜀黄土为试材,研究温度对酸性草酸-草酸铵缓冲溶液浸提土壤无定形铁的影响。结果表明:随着浸提温度的升高,铁的浸提量明显增加。30℃浸提出的铁约为20℃的1.57倍;而50℃浸提出的铁约为20℃的4.43倍。随温度的升高,浸提后土壤残渣的磁化率迅速降低。20℃浸提后残渣的磁化率值比原样略有减少;30℃浸提后残渣的磁化率约为原样的93.6%;50℃浸提后残渣的磁化率只有原样的65.3%。这说明随着温度的升高,以磁性矿物为代表的结晶态铁也被溶解,浸提出的铁其实已不仅是无定形铁。因此,用酸性草酸铵浸提无定形铁时,严格控制20℃的反应温度十分关键。     

增铵对小白菜生长和叶绿素含量的影响

在营养液中添加一定量的铵态氮能提高作物生物量和叶绿素含量。为研究增铵对植物生长及叶绿素含量的影响机理,采用了6个NO3-∶NH4 浓度比为5·0∶0·0、5·0∶2·5、5·0∶5·0、5·0∶7·5、5·0∶10·0和0·0∶5·0的处理对小白菜进行培养试验。结果表明,在5mmolL-1硝态氮存在时,适当添加一定量的铵态氮(2·5mmolL-1)小白菜生物量和叶面积分别增加39·6%和16·3%,叶面积与生物量显著相关(r=0·941,p<0·01)。营养液中铵态氮浓度与叶片SPAD值、活性铁及叶绿体蛋白质含量均显著相关,相关系数r分别为0·914、0·954和0·964。适当提高铵态氮浓度增加小白菜产量的机制在于其促进了叶片扩展,提高了总光合面积,其原因可能是适当提高铵态氮浓度促进了叶片细胞分裂。进一步研究表明,提高铵态氮浓度提高叶绿素含量的原因,可能在于其促进了小白菜体内全铁的再利用,从而提高了叶片活性铁含量和叶绿体蛋白质含量。     

灰口铸铁电弧热焊法补焊工艺的研究

文章分析了灰口铸铁的焊接性和常用的焊接方法,阐述了电弧热焊法对灰口铸铁进行补焊时的焊接工艺。     

低比转速离心泵塑料叶轮设计

以一台低比转速离心泵铸铁叶轮水力模型为原型,将其材质替换为塑料.考虑泵效率提升和注塑工艺可行性对叶轮几何参数进行修改:减小叶轮外径,增加叶轮出口宽度;考虑塑料结构工艺对叶轮结构进行调整:后盖板外侧设置加强筋,轮毂处加铜嵌件,盖板与叶片结合处添加定位孔销和焊接用导熔线。将塑料叶轮和铸铁叶轮安装在同一泵体进行对比测试。测试结果表明:塑料叶轮设计工况点泵的效率由56%提高到60%,增加了4%,既达到国家节能效率指标,又为用户节省了用电费用。