樟子松球花芽形态分化研究

[目的]观察研究樟子松大小孢子叶球分化的过程及形态学特征。[方法]采用石蜡切片法对内蒙古樟子松雌雄花芽分化过程进行形态学观察。[结果]小孢子叶原基于7月20日左右形成,8月中旬形成小孢子囊,经过冬季休眠,于第2年4月中下旬开始减数分裂,5月7日左右花粉粒成熟;大孢子叶球原基于8月5日左右形成,随后加速分裂,在8月中旬形成芽鳞原基及中轴,第2年5月上旬,苞鳞原基分化,5月20日左右大孢子叶球原基趋于完善,胚珠形成。[结论]确定了各个分化时期的时间,为樟子松花期调控提供帮助。     

正造与反季节龙眼成花碳素营养差异研究

花芽分化是果树产量形成最为关键的阶段,同时伴随着树体碳素的复杂转运过程,了解龙眼花芽分化过程中碳素变化对于制定合理的栽培措施、进行花期调控具有重要意义。就正造及反季节龙眼成花过程中各效应部位的糖分及淀粉含量变化进行研究,结果表明,正造及反季节龙眼花芽分化过程中在碳素累积及转化方面存在差异,正造龙眼顶芽糖分及淀粉含量在花芽生理分化后期除叶芽淀粉外均有降低趋势,而反季节龙眼顶芽在花芽分化后期不降反升,总糖含量由花芽分化前7d的15.43 mg/g上升至花芽分化后7d的31.38 mg/g;淀粉含量也由花芽分化前7d的5.42 mg/g上升至8.31mg/g。这可能与花芽分化所处的外部环境有关,也可能是氯酸钾打破了树体原有代谢。     

板栗疫病的调查和致病力分化研究概况

介绍了板栗疫病的发生规律,论述了板栗疫病的调查方法,探讨了双向凝胶电泳法研究板栗疫病菌的致病机理,并从蛋白质组学角度介绍了板栗疫病菌致病力分化的研究。     

Activities of Enzymes for Sucrose-Starch Conversion in Developing Endosperm of Rice and Their Association with Grain Filling in Extra-Heavy Panicle Types

Abstract

Rice cultivars with numerous spikelets per panicle (extra-heavy panicle types) frequently fail to exhibit their high yield potential due to low grain filling. Existing genetic variation in grain filling, however, opens possibilities for genetic improvement for this trait. We studied the correlation between grain filling and the activities of enzymes for sucrose-starch conversion in developing endosperm. The activity of sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13, SuSy) and ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.27, AGPase), were measured in three extra-heavy panicle types and a standard cultivar grown at two locations under different environmental conditions. The proportions of grains with definite specific gravities and the rate of grain filling were adopted as the parameters related to grain filling. AGPase activity, but not that of SuSy, was consistently correlated to high proportions of high-density grains (specific gravity > 1.20) and high rates of grain growth in spikelets, particularly in those on secondary branches in which low grain filling is the rule. Such correlation was also detected in spikelets on primary branches which generally show better grain filling, but only early stages. Therefore, a high activity of AGPase might contribute to the reduction of the sucrose concentration by accelerating sucrose metabolism at the developing seed, a sink terminus of the phloem. Thus the sink-directed phloem transport of sucrose would be promoted, resulting in improved grain filling of extra-heavy panicle types. SuSy would play some roles in such a cultivar difference in grain filling, but depending on environments.     

Inhibitory effects of osteoprotegerin on osteoclast formation and function under serum-free conditions

The purpose of this study was to determine whether osteoprotegerin (OPG) could affect osteoclat differentiation and activation under serum-free conditions. Both duck embryo bone marrow cells and RAW264.7 cells were incubated with macrophage colony stimulatory factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator for nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) in serum-free medium to promote osteoclastogenesis. During cultivation, 0, 10, 20, 50, and 100 ng/mL OPG were added to various groups of cells. Osteoclast differentiation and activation were monitored via tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining, filamentous-actin rings analysis, and a bone resorption assay. Furthermore, the expression osteoclast-related genes, such as TRAP and receptor activator for nuclear factor κB (RANK), that was influenced by OPG in RAW264.7 cells was examined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. In summary, findings from the present study suggested that M-CSF with RANKL can promote osteoclast differentiation and activation, and enhance the expression of TRAP and RANK mRNA in osteoclasts. In contrast, OPG inhibited these activities under serum-free conditions.     

甘肃河西走廊苹果蠹蛾种群遗传分化研究:基于COI基因序列分析

【目的】揭示河西走廊苹果蠹蛾不同地理种群间的联系,分析地理种群间的序列变异、遗传多样性和遗传分化。【方法】采用PCR和基因测序技术,扩增并分析了河西走廊8个地理种群132个苹果蠹蛾个体的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶Ⅰ亚基(COI)基因片段,应用DnaSP 5.10计算单倍型多样性指数(Hd)、核甘酸多样性指数(Pi)和Tajima’s D值,采用ZT软件包进行Mantel检验,分析种群间遗传距离与地理距离的相关性,利用软件Arlequin 3.11计算成对种群间的固定系数(Fst)。【结果】在获得的132条序列中共发现了8个变异位点和5个单倍型,其中3个单倍型为种群共享单倍型。总体单倍型多样性指数为0.578,种群内单倍型多样性为0.000~0.700。各种群的Tajima’s D值中性检验符合中性突变,说明河西走廊苹果蠹蛾在历史上没有出现群体扩张,群体大小稳定。Fst值表明,河西走廊苹果蠹蛾种群间具有一定程度的遗传分化,而各地理种群的遗传距离与地理距离无显著的相关性。【结论】河西走廊苹果蠹蛾遗传多样性较低,且地理种群间有一定程度的遗传分化。     

PBO对苹果幼树生长、叶片品质及成花的影响

【目的】研究PBO喷施处理对苹果幼树生长、叶片品质相关指标及芽萌发和成花的影响。【方法】以5年生苹果品种"长富2号"(以下简称"富士")和"富红早嘎"(以下简称"嘎啦")为试材,在4、5、6月的10号喷施6 667mg/L PBO溶液3次,喷施量(按溶液质量计)为2.5kg/(株.次),以喷施清水为对照,测量统计幼树生长、叶片品质和成花相关指标。【结果】(1)经PBO喷施处理后"富士"、"嘎啦"幼树株高、冠径的年生长量均受到显著抑制,而茎粗的年生长量却显著增加;PBO对"富士"、"嘎啦"主枝的延长生长有显著抑制作用,也显著抑制了"富士"幼树主枝的加粗生长,但对"嘎啦"主枝加粗生长的抑制作用不显著;PBO喷施处理对"富士"新梢生长有显著的抑制作用,而"嘎拉"由于新梢生长停滞较早受其影响很小。(2)经PBO喷施处理后"富士"幼树叶片百叶鲜质量在7～10月份、百叶干质量在7～8月份均显著大于对照,而"嘎啦"百叶鲜、干质量在6～9月份有相同的结果;无论"富士"还是"嘎啦",PBO喷施处理后,幼树叶片的百叶面积在5～10月份均显著小于对照,但比叶重均显著大于对照(除"富士"6月份外)。(3)喷施PBO能在一定程度上提高"富士"、"嘎啦"幼树上、中、下部枝条的萌芽率和成花率。【结论】苹果幼树的生长及叶片品质状况与幼树芽的分化形成有密切关系,喷施PBO(6 667mg/L)显著抑制了苹果幼树的营养生长,改善了叶片品质,使幼树的生长发育朝着有利于芽分化形成的方向发展,最终有效促进了"富士"、"嘎啦"苹果幼树花芽的形成。     

Runx2 promotes osteogenic differentiating C2C12 cells through inhibiting macroautophagy

AIM：To explore the relationship between macroautophagy and Runx2-induced osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells.METHODS：The cells of C2C12/Runx2Dox subline were used in the study, which expresses Runx2 in response to doxycycline (Dox). The cells were treated with Dox (10 mg/L) for 0 d, 1 d, 3 d, and 6 d, and the expression levels of LC3b, Beclin-1, p62, and LAMP-2 were detected at each time point using real-time qPCR. The LC3-I/LC3-II ratio was measured by Western blotting. The cells were treated with different concentrations of 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or rapamycin (Rap) for 14 days in the presence of Dox, and the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was measured. The cells were treated with 3-MA (5 mmol/L) or Rap (10 μmol/L) for 1 d, 3 d, and 6 d in the presence of Dox, and the expression levels of ALP and osteocalcin (OC) were detected.RESULTS：The expression levels of LC3b and Beclin-1 were dramatically down-regulated during Runx2-induced osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells, and the levels of p62 and LAMP-2 were not changed during this process. The conversion of LC3-I into LC3-II was inhibited. The ALP activity was increased in 3-MA (5 mmol/L)-treated cells, but decreased in Rap (10 μmol/L)-treated cells. The expression levels of ALP and OC were up-regulated by 3-MA treatment and were down-regulated by Rap treatment.CONCLUSION：Runx2 induces osteogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells by inhibiting the formation of autophagosome through down-regulating LC3 and Beclin-1 as well as inhibiting the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II.