Assisted colonization: Integrating conservation strategies in the face of climate change

Global climate change poses an immense challenge for conservation biologists seeking to mitigate impacts to species and ecosystems. Species persistence will depend on geographic range shifts or adaptation in response to warming patterns as novel climates and community assemblages arise. Assisted colonization has been proposed as a method for addressing these challenges. This technique, which consists of transporting species to a new range that is predicted to be favorable for persistence under future climate scenarios, has become the subject of controversy and discussion in the conservation community due to its highly manipulative nature, questions about widespread feasibility, and uncertainty associated with the likelihood of translocated species becoming invasive. We reviewed the discussion and criticism associated with assisted colonization and sought to identify other conservation techniques that also display potential to promote the colonization and adaptation of species in response to climate change. We propose an integrated conservation strategy that includes management for habitat connectivity, conservation genetics, and when necessary, assisted colonization of species that are still unable to shift their ranges even given implementation of the above standard conservation approaches. We argue that this integrated approach will facilitate persistence for a larger proportion of species than is possible by solely using assisted colonization. Furthermore, a multi-faceted approach will likely reduce the uncertainty of conservation outcomes and will become increasingly necessary for conservation of biodiversity in a changing climate.     

Fluorescence detection of aluminum in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal structures and glomalin using confocal laser scanning microscopy

Arbuscular mycorrhizal spores and glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) isolated from acid soils were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) for Al detection. Mycorrhizal structures of Glomus intraradices produced under in vitro conditions as well as spores and GRSP from neutral and Cu-polluted soils were used as contrasting criteria. Spores and GRSP from soils with 7 and 70% Al saturation showed autofluorescence which increased especially at the highest soil Al level and when Al³⁺ solution was added. G.intraradices spores showed fluorescence only when exogenous Al³⁺ was added. On the contrary, spores and GRSP from neutral and Cu-polluted soils showed little or no significant fluorescence. This fluorescence shown by fungal structures and GRSP when subjected to high Al (of endogenous or exogenous origin) suggest a high capacity for Al immobilization, which could be an effective way to reduce Al activity and phytotoxicity in acid soils.     

不同基质接种不同丛植菌根真菌对黄檗幼苗侵染及生长的影响

通过盆栽接种试验,用4种丛枝菌根真菌(Arbuscular mycorrhizae,AM)接种黄檗1 a生实生苗,探索不同接种基质、不同菌种以及混合菌种条件下,内生丛枝菌根(Vesicalar-Arbuscular,VA)真菌对黄檗(Phellodendron amurense Rupr.)幼苗的侵染效果及对其生长量的影响.结果表明:不同基质条件下接种丛枝菌根真菌对寄主植物的生长发育的影响差异很大,就该试验菌种接种黄檗而言,以草炭∶蛭石∶沙子=1∶0.5∶1基质接种效果良好;通过混合接种与单独接种的侵染特性比较,凡是含G.mosseae和G.diaphanum菌种的接种处理侵染率高,显著提高了苗木的生长量,而含有G.versiforme和G.diaphanum的组合侵染率一直比较低,而且降低了G.mosseae和G.diaphanum的侵染效率.     

生防菌哈茨木霉FJAT-9040的GFP标记及土壤定殖示踪

哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum FJAT-9040对茄科尖孢镰刀菌具有较强拮抗作用。为跟踪分析该菌株在土壤中的存活与定殖特性,利用PEG-CaCl2介导的原生质体转化体系,筛选获得1株荧光性状稳定的菌株FJAT-9295,该菌株在生长速率、产孢量、对酸碱度和温度的适应性及对尖孢镰刀菌的抑菌活性等方面与野生型菌株FJAT-9040无显著差异（P〉0.05）。同时,研究了菌株FJAT-9295在4种类型土壤中的定殖能力以及作物生长对该菌株在土壤中定殖的影响。结果表明：菌株在育苗土中定殖最好,其次为沙土及菜园土,黄泥土中定殖最差;种植茄子比未种植作物的土壤更有利于菌株的存活;菌株FJAT-9295在不同类型土壤中的菌落数随时间的延长均略有下降,16天后趋于稳定,维持在105 CFU/g,较初始接菌量下降了约1个数量级。     

Bacteria associated with Glomus clarum spores influence mycorrhizal activity

The effects of bacteria associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) spores on spore germination, growth in vitro and on the pea-AMF symbiosis were evaluated. Bacterial colonies were recovered from untreated Glomus clarum NT4 spores and NT4 spores decontaminated with 5% chloramine-T for 30, 45 and 60 min on five different media. Both G+ and G− bacteria were recovered from untreated NT4 spores, whereas only G+ bacteria were isolated from decontaminated spores. An in vitro assessment of the effect of spore-associated bacteria on clean, decontaminated NT4 spores revealed that (i) most of the bacteria isolated from untreated spores generally did not significantly alter spore function, (ii) some bacteria isolated from clean, decontaminated spores inhibited or stimulated NT4 spore germination, (iii) stimulation of spore germination occurred only when bacteria were in contact with spores, and (iv) inhibition of spore germination was the result of volatile bacterial metabolites. A stimulatory bacterial isolate, Bacillus pabuli LA3, significantly (P<0.05) enhanced the shoot growth, AMF-colonization, shoot N content and P use efficiency of NT4-inoculated 6 week-old pea plants over that of plants co-inoculated with an inhibitory bacterial isolate, Bacillus chitinosporus LA6a and NT4.     

分室磷添加下菌根对滇池流域红壤间作玉米生长及磷素利用的影响

随着全球范围内磷矿资源短缺问题的日益严重,间作或菌根技术强化作物对土壤磷(P)的利用及增产增收的效应受到越来越多的关注。通过三室隔网盆栽模拟试验研究了分室磷处理[不添加磷(P0)、添加有机磷(OP50)、添加无机磷(IOP50)]和根室不接种(NM)、根室接种丛枝菌根真菌Glomus mosseae(GM)对与大豆间作的玉米的生长及磷素利用的影响。研究结果表明:所有复合处理中,以间作?GM?IOP50组合处理下的玉米根系最短和地上部生物量最高;OP50处理下,间作玉米的菌根侵染率显著高于单作处理。间作条件下,无论分室磷添加与否,接种GM处理的玉米地上部生物量明显高于NM处理;接种GM处理的玉米根系生物量和株高均显著高于NM处理,且根系生物量以间作?GM?OP50组合处理下最高。接种GM条件下,P0、IOP50、OP50处理下的间作植株生物量较单作处理分别提高45.98%、111.33%、33.56%。单作条件下,无论分室磷添加与否,接种GM处理的玉米地上部磷含量均显著高于NM处理;无论何种种植模式及分室磷添加与否,接种GM处理的植物根系磷含量均显著高于NM处理。无论磷添加与否,间作?GM组合条件下的玉米地上部磷吸收量均显著较高,其中IOP50处理下的地上部磷吸收量显著高于OP50处理。间作?GM组合条件下,IOP50处理玉米根系的磷吸收效率均显著高于OP50处理。可见,接种GM、分室磷添加和间作各自在一定程度上促进了玉米的生长。综合菌根侵染、生物量及磷含量与吸收量、磷吸收效率等指标,所有复合处理中以间作?GM?IOP50组合对玉米地上部的促生作用最好,玉米磷素吸收最多,可望有效强化滇池流域红壤坡耕地磷素的利用。     

兰科菌根真菌对石斛组培苗的接种效应

从野生球花石斛(Dendrobium thyrsiflorum)根系中分离到Dt1、Dt2、Dt5、Dt6、Dt7、Dt8 共6株真菌,将其接种到铁皮石斛(Dendrobium candidum)和球花石斛组培苗的根系上,定期测定石斛苗的株数、株高、叶数、新芽数等指标,并与不接种的石斛苗进行比较。试验结果表明,Dt5号和Dt8号真菌的接种效果最好,地上植株和地下根系生长均良好,株数增多、株高增加、落叶减少,新芽和新根萌发,因此它们对于石斛组培苗的成功栽培具有实际应用价值。     

丛枝菌根真菌根内菌丝碱性磷酸酶活性与菌根共生效应的研究

试验研究 3种丛枝菌根真菌根内菌丝碱性磷酸酶活性与菌根共生效应的结果表明 ,3种丛枝菌根真菌对宿主植物的效应不同 ,与接种G .spp处理和未接种对照相比 ,接种G .m和G .i处理显著增加玉米地上部和根系干物质量、P浓度和吸P量 ,但后两者间无显著差异 ;而接种G .spp处理与对照无显著差异。播种后 35d时接种G .m和G .i处理根内菌丝碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于接种G .spp处理 ,而前二者间无显著差异 ,且随生长时间的变化趋势相似 ,35d时酶活性最高 ,35～ 5 0d呈迅速下降趋势 ,至 70d时酶活性仍下降且趋于平缓。G .spp酶活性则一直处于较低水平 ,随生长时间的延长略有起伏。即接种不同丛枝菌根真菌时 ,根内菌丝碱性磷酸酶活性高的菌根真菌对玉米生长促进作用较大 ,可提高玉米P营养状况 ;反之则对玉米生长和P营养状况无明显促进作用 ,且与对照无显著差异。出苗后 35d时根内菌丝碱性磷酸酶活性是预测丛枝菌根真菌对玉米生长效应的有效生理指标之一。     

AM 菌根真菌诱导对提高玉米纹枯病抗性的初步研究

试验研究玉米接种摩西球囊霉后对纹枯病抗性反应的结果表明,接种摩西球囊霉能明显减轻玉米纹枯病的发病率和病情指数,减轻病害。接种摩西球囊霉还能促进玉米营养生长,但立枯丝核菌侵袭会降低菌根的侵染率,表明摩西球囊霉与立枯丝核菌间存在相互作用。