Infection of valuable broadleaf hardwood trees by Glomus mosseae: growth and mineral nutrition

In the past century, the excessive exploitation of the environment by human beings has resulted in the depletion of valuable broadleaf hardwood trees in Italian forests, creating a need for re-forestation. The aim of this research was to verify whether a vescicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus is able to colonise the root of valuable hardwood trees and to evaluate the impact of the VAM fungus on growth and macroelement nutrition of its plant hosts.Four species of valuable broadleaf hardwood trees, Prunus avium L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., and Juglans nigra L., were inoculated with Glomus mosseae, a VAM fungus, and cultivated in a greenhouse. Infection after inoculation and root colonization by the fungus, tree growth, and macro-element nutrition were evaluated two-years after inoculation. G. mosseae formed mycorrhizae on all plants. However, different morphological aspects - predominantly the formation of Arum type arbuscles in P. avium and F. excelsior - were observed. A general improvement of macro-element nutrition from species to species characterised an enhanced growth of mycorrhizal plants. Therefore, it is plausible that the association of VAMs with these broadleaf trees, could overcome the difficulties encountered in the transplanting and the slow growth typical of these tree species.Although numerous articles have reported the beneficial effects of ectomycorrhizal fungi on trees, there is a sparse literature on the association of VAM with tree species. Therefore, this study contributes to the understanding of the role of the symbiosis between valuable broadleaf trees and VAM fungi in macroelement nutrition.     

Geomorphological significance of lichen colonization in a present snow hollow: Hoya del Cuchillar de las Navajas, Sierra de Gredos (Spain)

This paper discusses the results of a lichenometrical and geomorphological study of one of the few remaining active snow hollows in the central region of the Iberian Peninsula. The study area, located on a glacial shoulder, is called Hoya del Cuchillar de las Navajas. A protalus rampart occurs at the base of the hollow. Our studies, conducted between 1992 and 1998, were designed to determine the geomorphological characteristics of Hoya, the mobility of the deposits, and the characteristics of the snow cover. These data formed the basis for a study of the lichen colonization on the blocks and on the wall surrounding the snow hollow. All of the lichen species found were analyzed according to their abundance, distribution and the extent of their surface cover. Measurements of the diameter of the thalli of the species Rhizocarpon geographicum were also obtained. Thalli of this species were found to require a mean snow-free growing season of at least 95 days (13.5 weeks) per year. Maximum mean thallus diameters indicate that the protalus rampart was formed during the Little Ice Age and became inactive 130 years ago.     

梅花根际土壤栽培三叶草的丛枝菌根侵染研究

从北京、武汉、南京、重庆、昆明五个梅园和野梅主要分布区的云南嵩明、四川木里、贵州茂兰自然保护区,以及北京林业大学的梅圃中分别于春、夏、秋、冬四季,采集梅花根际土壤300份。以梅花根际土壤和蛭石体积为1∶1混合作为栽培基质,种植三叶草,培养4个月后,应用染色镜检法测定丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)侵染三叶草根系的状况。结果表明:所有梅花根际土壤栽培三叶草都有丛枝菌根侵染;野生梅花根际土壤栽培三叶草的丛枝菌根侵染率高于人工梅园;四季的梅花根际土壤栽培三叶草丛枝菌根侵染在季节间无明显差异。     

福建省主要非豆科固氮树木VA菌根真菌鉴定

从福建省9地市的栽培及野生主要非豆科固氮树木根际分离出VA菌根真菌3属10种.球囊霉属8种:幼套球囊霉(Glomusetumieatum)、摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)、何氏球囊霉(G.hoi)、地球囊霉(G.geosporum)、苏格兰球囊霉(G.caledomium)、缩球囊霉(G.constritum)、透光球囊霉(G.diaphanum)、台湾球囊霉(G.formosanum).硬囊霉属1种:弯丝硬囊霉(Sclerocystissinu-osa).无梗内囊霉属1种:细凹无梗囊霉(Acaulosporascrobiculate).以上3属10种VA菌根真菌均为福建省新纪录种.文中详细记叙了以上10种的形成特征.     

AMF在三峡库区生态环境建设中的应用

三峡库区生态环境脆弱,丛枝菌根真菌作为一种新型的生物肥料,可以与植物的根形成互惠共生体,增加植物对水分和矿质营养的吸收,提高植物抗逆性,以及在土地复垦和植树造林等方面起着重要作用。论述了丛枝菌根真菌的生态特征,以及在三峡库区生态环境建设中的广泛效应,并提出了下一步研究重点和热点。     

豫西黄土高原主要造林树种VA菌根真菌研究

对豫西黄土高原主要造林树种毛白杨、榆树、泡桐、刺槐、柳树、臭椿等根际土VA菌根真菌进行了鉴定,共鉴定出VA菌根真菌9种:沙漠球囊霉(G lom us desertico la)、缩球囊霉(G.constric-tum)、苏格兰球囊霉(G.caledon ium)、摩西球囊霉(G.m osseae)、地球囊霉(G.geospora)、单孢球囊霉(G.m onosporum)、透光球囊霉(G.d iaphanum)微丛球囊霉(G.m icroaggregatum)和网纹盾巨孢囊霉(Scutellospora reticu lata),其中缩球囊霉是优势种。描述了种的形态学特征,并对其分布规律进行了初步探讨。     

森林腐殖土防治落叶松幼苗立枯病

森林腐殖土含有大量的菌根菌,用于苗圃有利于苗木生长发育和抑制幼苗立枯病病菌。1982～1984年在辽阳县国营苗圃的试验表明,每平方米苗床施用10千克腐殖土,落叶松幼苗菌根真菌感染率达100％与未施腐殖土及施药剂比较,立枯病发病率分别由原来的95.6％(生(?)和80.5％下降到10～16.5％,并且苗高、地径、根系等均有显著提高。因此,施用腐殖土是防治立枯病,改善生态环境和提高苗木生产率的有效办法。     

拮抗细菌B9对灰霉病菌的影响及在番茄叶表的定殖

 采用生长速率法、抑菌圈法及分生孢子萌发法测定了拮抗细菌B9菌株对番茄灰霉病菌的影响,研究结果表明,番茄灰霉病菌的菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发均受到其明显抑制,发酵原液的抑制率均达80%以上。B9菌株在番茄叶表的定殖试验表明,拮抗细菌喷施于番茄叶表3d内,拮抗细菌的定殖数量较高且数量基本稳定,然后定殖数量逐渐下降,可维持20d左右。温度及接种灰霉病菌对定殖都有影响,在温度28℃左右先接种拮抗细菌1d后再接种灰霉病菌的情况下,拮抗细菌在番茄叶表的定殖数量最多,定殖能力最强。     

丛枝菌根真菌和细菌肥料对水稻生长的影响

丛枝菌根真菌能与多数旱地植物共生 ,形成菌根。菌根的形成能促进植物对营养元素 ,特别是磷素的吸收 ,并增强植物的多种抗逆性 ,从而达到促进植物生长 ,提高产量的目的。水稻是我国的主要粮食作物 ,需要在淹水条件下生长 ,而菌根真菌是好氧性微生物 ,在淹水条件下不能形成菌根 ,因而至今还未见到将菌根真菌应用于水稻栽培的报导。但是在旱育条件下 ,能否通过接种菌根真菌 ,帮助秧苗形成菌根 ,培育出健壮的秧苗 ,从而提高水稻的产量 ?这是本试验的目的。在测试菌根真菌效果的同时 ,为了探讨菌根真菌与细菌肥料的协同关系 ,在试验中加入了细菌…     

Dual plant host effects on two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Mycorrhizal fungi may simultaneously associate with multiple plant hosts, and the implications of this for the fungi involved are not well understood. To address this question, two arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Glomus clairoideum (a treatment referred to as “Glo”) and Scutellospora fulgida (a treatment referred to as “Scut”), were grown separately in pots that each consisted of two plant compartments separated by a root-free-compartment (RFC). Fungi within each two-plant-compartment pot were exposed to either two individuals of indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans), two individuals of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii), or one of each. A non-inoculated treatment (“Non”) was included to help gauge the potential influence of greenhouse contaminant fungi, cross-contamination, or any misidentification of non-AMF hyphae. The two host species had additive effects on the growth of AM hyphae in plant compartments of Scut, Glo, and Non pots, and in the RFCs of Scut pots. In Glo RFCs, however, they were antagonistic in their effects. Synergism between hosts in Non RFCs suggested that any potential contaminants or misidentification could not explain this result. Underyielding was not seen in shoot weight, root weight, or root length in dual host pots, and also therefore could not explain the result. Hyphal growth in the Scut treatment was evenly distributed between the RFC and plant compartments (or marginally skewed toward the RFC), while hyphal growth in the Glo treatment was skewed toward plant compartments (nearer roots). However, hyphal lengths were more highly correlated across plant compartments within a common pot in the Glo treatment, suggesting that this AMF bridged the RFC to experience the entire two-host pot as a single environment to a greater extent than Scut did. These AMF differed in how they responded to both the species composition of the two-host environment and its spatial structure; potential implications for mycorrhizal community dynamics are discussed.