Inhibition of native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi induced increases in cadmium loss via surface runoff and interflow from farmland

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can form symbiotic relationships with most crops, but their impact on the environmental migration of cadmium (Cd) in farmland is limited. A field experiment was performed in the rainy season (May–October) for two years in Cd-polluted farmland used for maize cultivation. A fungicide (benomyl) was used to specifically inhibit native AMF growth in the farmland. The growth and Cd uptake of maize and the Cd concentration and loss in runoff and interflow were investigated. Benomyl strongly and significantly inhibited AMF colonization rate in maize roots, reduced the contents of total and easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) in soil and the Cd uptake in maize roots, and increased the Cd uptake in shoots. Particulate Cd was the main form of Cd loss in runoff, while dissolved Cd was the main form of Cd leaching loss at depths of 20 cm and 40 cm. Inhibiting AMF increased the Cd concentration in runoff and interflow and promoted dissolved Cd loss in runoff and interflow at 20 cm depth by 34.7% and 68.0% and particulate Cd loss by 46.4% and 19.7%, respectively. Furthermore, the AMF colonization rate in maize roots and the GRSP content in soil were significantly positively correlated with Cd uptake in roots and negatively correlated with the concentration and loss of Cd in runoff and interflow. These results indicated that the benomyl-induced inhibition of native AMF promoted Cd transfer to maize shoots and increased Cd loss via runoff and interflow from polluted farmland.     

丛枝菌根真菌诱导玉米根系形态变化及其机理

以高油115和正大619为实验材料,分别通过盆栽和田间试验研究接种摩西球囊霉和地表球囊霉对玉米根系形态和根系内源生长素含量的影响。结果表明,玉米形成菌根后根系形态明显改变,根条数显著多于对照,并且接种处理与对照间的差异随菌根侵染率的上升而加大,差异极显著。生长60 d时,有菌根的玉米单株总根长度为788.61 cm,根系重量达8.26 g,均显著高于无菌根的对照。根系生长素含量随菌根侵染率上升而增加,并且显著高于不接种的对照。丛枝菌根真菌侵染可以促使玉米根内生长素含量上升,根条数增多,增加吸收面积,促进玉米生长。     

Factors affecting the production and regeneration of protoplasts: the case of the mycorrhizal fungus Tulasnella calospora from roots of orchids

Protoplast isolation is relevant for many different applications and has been principally used in proceduresnvolving genetic manipulation. In this study, the age of mycelium, osmotic stabilizers, enzyme, incubation temperature and incubation time were evaluated in terms of their effects on protoplast yield. The young mycelia （3 d） of Tulasnella calospora were digested for 6 h at 30℃ in a mixture of 1.2 mol·L-1 MgSO_4 ＋ 10 mmoI·L-1 K2HPO4 as the osmotic stabilizer, with a 1.0% lysing enzyme and 1.5% driselase： more than 106 protoplasts mL-1 were obtained. When collected 3y density gradient centrifugation, the concentration of protoplasts can reach 107-108 protoplasts mL-1, an amount suitable enough for experiments of transformation in fungi. For every 10_5 protoplasts, about 15-25 protoplasts can egenerate after 24-36 h cultivation in a liquid medium and after 8-10 d in an agar medium. This study produced an efficient method for protoplast production, reverting them into a typical mycelia morphology using a Tulasnella calospora solate.     

Mycorrhizal Associations and Their Manipulation for Long-Term Agricultural Stability and Productivity

Summary

Mycorrhizae refer to an association (largely symbiotic) between plants and fungi that colonize the cortical root tissue of most agricultural crops during the period of active plant growth. The contribution of these symbioses to plant growth and soil fertility maintenance has been well-recognized for past several years. In spite of these benefits to agriculture, at present, the realization of the full potential of these fungi has not yet been reached. It must also be recognized that recent research on the possible application of the mycorrhizal symbiosis in agriculture has revealed many gaps in knowledge of fungal biology and ecology. Scientific knowledge on the role of these fungi in plant development and protection, soil stabilization, aggregate formation and creation of nutrient reserves is still limited. For efficient use and manipulation of these fungal symbioses for long-term agricultural stability and productivity, our understanding of their physiology, function and interactions with existing crops and environmental conditions should be improved. Besides, effects of different agronomic practices, application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on their ecology and function should be elucidated before their successful utilization in agriculture.

This paper presents information on the morphology of different my-corrhizal fungi, their physiology and functions. Methods presently used to produce mycorrhizal inocula, their application in the field, problems to be resolved for their massive exploitation and future research needs have also been described. References have been selected to explain the recent advances in our understanding on these beneficial fungi.     

Colonization of Butchers with Livestock‐Associated Methicillin‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Reports have documented colonization of swine in Europe, North America and more recently in China with livestock‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA‐MRSA). Contamination of pig farmers, veterinarians and abattoir workers with these strains has been observed. However, although contamination levels of 10% of retail pork were reported from the Netherlands and Canada, there are limited data of contamination rates of workers handling raw meat. We investigated the rates of MRSA contamination of local butchers working in wet markets, where recently slaughtered pigs are cut up. Nasal swabs collected from 300 pork butchers at markets throughout Hong Kong were enriched in brain heart infusion broth with 5% salt and cultured on MRSASelect^®. Isolates were confirmed as Staphylococcus aureus and susceptibility testing performed. The presence of mecA was confirmed, SCCmec and spa type determined and relatedness investigated by PFGE. Subjects completed a questionnaire on MRSA carriage risk factors. Seventeen samples (5.6%) yielded MRSA, 15 harbouring SCCmec IVb. Ten strains were t899 (CC9), previously reported from local pig carcasses. Five strains were healthcare associated: SCCmec type II, t701(CC6), colonizing two subjects at the same establishment, and single isolates of t008 (CC8), t002 (CC5) and t123 (CC45). The remaining isolates were t359 (CC97), previously reported from buffaloes, and t375 (CC5), reported from bovine milk. None of these butchers reported recent hospitalization or a healthcare worker in the family. Two had recently received antibiotics, one for a skin infection. Four reported wound infections within the last year. All were exposed to meat for >9 h per day. Carriage of MRSA was higher in butchers than in the general community. Although five strains were probably of healthcare origin, the high incidence of t899 (CC9) suggests that cross‐contamination from pork occurs frequently. Washing of hands after touching raw pork is advised.     

接种菌根菌对栓皮栎幼苗生长的影响

[目的]研究菌根菌对栓皮栎幼苗接种的影响。[方法]选用红蜡蘑(L.l)、美味牛肝菌(B.e)、铆钉菇(G.v)、厚环乳牛肝菌(S.g)、褐环乳牛肝菌(S.l)共5种外生菌根真菌的固体培养物对栓皮栎幼苗进行土壤根际接种试验,研究接种后、未接种的栓皮栎幼苗在菌根侵染率、生长情况、养分吸收等方面的差异。[结果]3个月后取样测量,结果表明外生菌根能明显提高苗木的菌根化程度,对幼苗的生长有促进作用,提高了植株对养分N、P、K的吸收。[结论]筛选出的L.l、S.l、G.v是栓皮栎菌根化育苗的优良菌种。     

菌根真菌菌种的更替与其可持续性的研究

巨尾桉菌根化组培苗试验林中所接种的彩色豆马勃,已持续生存达10a之久;而接种的西澳粘滑菇、漆蜡蘑仅生存2～6a,之后则被其它菌根菌种所更替。自然条件下未经接种的的蓝桉人工林,造林后2～4a的林中以硬皮马勃、漆蜡蘑等菌根真菌为主;之后则先后由鸡油菌和牛肝菌所取代。松茸菌在适合的自然条件下可在林中生存达数十年之久,其持续性十分明显;人工接种松茸菌的云南松幼苗上,经6a的连续观察,菌丝体仍然生长旺盛。菌根真菌的菌种更替现象及可持续性与菌种本身的生长特性有关。若菌种能适应其环境条件,则生长可持续下去;反之则可能被其它菌种所更替,因此,菌根技术的推广应用,应坚持“适地适菌”和“适树适菌”的原则,方可取得持久的接种效果。     

根际微生物组构建的影响因素研究进展

基于根际微生物调控作物生长发育已成为生态健康和农业发展研究的热点。综述了国内外关于植物根际微生物组构建影响因素的相关研究进展,探讨了根际周边微生物从土壤进入植物根系内部的定殖选择过程,重点关注植物本体、土壤类型、地理位置、生长环境等因素对植物根际微生物组的调控作用,揭示国内外研究中发现的影响根际微生物组构建的主控因素,阐明根际微生物组-宿主复杂的互作关系,以期为绿色农业、环境生态保护等研究提供新的思路。     

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌E69预防稻瘟病等多种真菌病害的潜力

目的 明确水稻内生菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）菌株E69对多种植物病原真菌的拮抗作用,尤其是对稻瘟病的生物防治效果,减少化学农药的使用。方法 贝莱斯芽孢杆菌菌株E69和枯草芽孢杆菌（B. subtilis,稻瘟病生物防治最常用微生物）菌株E66分离于水稻叶片内生细菌,采用对峙培养法测试菌株E69和E66及其发酵液、无菌上清液对稻瘟病菌（Magnaporthe oryzae）的拮抗作用,并测试两株内生芽孢杆菌对立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani）、镰孢菌（Fusarium spp.）、番茄灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）、草莓炭疽病菌（Colletotrichum gloeospoioides）、烟草黑胫病菌（Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae）、链格孢菌（Alternaria alternate）、西瓜枯萎病菌（F. oxysporum）等11种植物病原菌的拮抗作用,温室条件下检测对水稻叶瘟的预防效果,田间试验检测对水稻叶瘟和穗颈瘟的预防效果,常规抑菌测试法研究对稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发和附着胞形成的抑制作用。采用激光共聚焦显微镜观察绿色荧光蛋白标记后的工程菌株E69在水稻茎部的定殖情况。结果 菌株E69和E66对稻瘟病菌菌丝生长具有显著拮抗作用,温室条件下两个菌株对稻瘟病的预防效果分别为83.24%和76.57%,对叶瘟的田间预防效果分别为85.97%和79.76%,对穗颈瘟的田间预防效果分别为69.67%和68.82%,E69对叶瘟的预防效果显著高于75%的三环唑可湿性粉剂,对穗颈瘟的预防效果与三环唑无显著差异。菌株E69和E66对立枯丝核菌、镰孢菌、番茄灰霉病菌、草莓炭疽病菌、烟草黑胫病菌、叶枯病菌、西瓜枯萎病菌等11种植物病原菌有显著拮抗作用,E69的拮抗作用明显高于E66。菌株E69和E66能够强烈抑制稻瘟病菌分生孢子萌发和附着胞的形成,E69发酵液的抑菌效果分别为95.28%和94.16%,无菌上清液的抑菌效果分别为85.36%和84.31%;E66发酵液对分生孢子萌发和附着胞形成的抑菌效果分别为89.15%和87.38%,无菌上清液的抑菌效果分别为79.65%和72.45%。绿色荧光蛋白GFP78标记后的工程菌株E69在水稻茎部具有较好的定殖能力,可以稳定定殖在水稻茎部表皮、薄壁组织和维管束。结论 贝莱斯芽孢杆菌菌株E69是一种潜在的、预防效果明显的生防菌株,具有预防稻瘟病兼防纹枯病等多种真菌病害的应用潜力。