致仔猪水肿病大肠杆菌减毒株的毒力测定及其在仔猪肠道内增殖的分析

在已构建致仔猪水肿病大肠杆菌S451521菌株的2个毒素敲除菌株（F1、F2）基础上,进一步测定了其毒力及在仔猪肠道内的繁殖能力。选择30日龄的ICR小鼠并随机分成4组,A、B、C试验组分别灌胃接种不同浓度的野生菌株S451521及其毒素敲除菌株F1、F2,D组以灭菌生理盐水作阴性对照;结果表明减毒菌株F1和F2毒力均比野生菌株弱,其中F1株减弱了60.73%、F2株减弱了84.38%。选择24日龄未经仔猪水肿病疫苗免疫过的仔猪共14头,并随机分为2组;第1组口服接种减毒菌株F2,第2组以灭菌生理盐水作阴性对照,定期采集仔猪粪样并进行细菌监测;结果显示,仔猪排出减毒菌株F2的数量随时间不断增多,在接种后28d可达到每克粪样含目的菌约70 000cfu。这说明减毒菌株F2能够在仔猪体内定植并大量繁殖。     

烟草青枯病拮抗芽孢杆菌的筛选、鉴定及其抑菌活性初探

【目的】从不同烟区健康烟草的根际土壤样品中筛选对烟草青枯病具有较强拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌,为防治烟草青枯病提供生防资源。【方法】随机从福建龙岩、四川德昌、陕西汉中等地健康烟草根际土壤中采集30份土壤样品,采用平板稀释法从中分离芽孢杆菌,以烟草青枯病菌为靶标菌筛选拮抗芽孢杆菌,并通过培养特性、菌体形态、生理生化特征分析及16SrDNA序列分析,对筛选的拮抗芽孢杆菌菌株进行鉴定;采用温室盆栽试验,测定拮抗芽孢杆菌的促生作用、定殖能力和抑菌活性。【结果】从健康烟草根际土壤中分离得到1株抗烟草青枯病菌活性较好的菌株LW-4,经鉴定其为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌Bacillus methylotrophicus。LW-4菌悬液对烟草青枯病菌的防治效果为70.37%,其可定殖于烟草根际土壤,具有良好的定殖能力。LW-4对烟草有明显的促生作用;用饱和度为25%的硫酸铵获得的LW-4抑菌物质对烟草青枯病菌的抑菌活性较高,抑菌圈直径达37.82mm。【结论】菌株LW-4在烟草青枯病防治中具有潜在的利用价值。     

丛枝菌根真菌对鸢尾的促进作用研究

为高效利用水陆两栖植物鸢尾修复污染水体,本研究通过测定不同的丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)与鸢尾构建共生体系的生长指标、土壤理化性质及植物光合作用指标,探讨不同AMF对水生植物鸢尾的促进作用。结果表明:AMF对鸢尾的促进作用主要体现在地上及地下两部分,其中地下部分通过利用其庞大的菌丝网络吸收土壤中的营养物质,进而促进了鸢尾的生长,其中对比无菌剂侵染的空白植物,摩西球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高71.75%,磷元素的吸收率提高8.36%,而根内球囊霉作用的鸢尾对氮元素的吸收率提高42.55%,磷元素的吸收率提高9.5%;而地上部分则是通过加强叶片气孔导度的开启来调控植物净光合速率与蒸腾速率之间的平衡,进而提高了鸢尾的最优水资源利用率,加快植物的新陈代谢,最终促进植物的生长发育。其中对于鸢尾光合作用的调节摩西球囊霉的促进效果显著好于(P<0.05)根内球囊霉。     

Plant pathogen protection by arbuscular mycorrhizas: A role for fungal diversity?

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can confer protection to host plants against some root pathogens, and several mechanisms for these phenomena have been proposed. If AM fungal taxa vary in the ways that they limit the negative effects of pathogens on host plants, additive and/or synergistic interactions among members of diverse AM fungal assemblages and communities may result in a greater pathogen protection than is currently predicted. However, in a review of the literature on interactions between AM and pathogenic fungi, we found few examples that compared the effectiveness of single- and multi-species AM fungal assemblages. Here, we briefly recount the generally recognized mechanisms of pathogen protection by AM fungi and present evidence, where appropriate, for functional diversity among AM fungal taxa with regard to these mechanisms. We propose that functional complementarity of AM fungal taxa in interactions with pathogens could mimic, or even be the cause of, previously observed relationships between AM fungal diversity and plant productivity.     

Plant growth-promoting bacteria in the rhizo- and endosphere of plants: Their role, colonization, mechanisms involved and prospects for utilization

In both managed and natural ecosystems, beneficial plant-associated bacteria play a key role in supporting and/or increasing plant health and growth. Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) can be applied in agricultural production or for the phytoremediation of pollutants. However, because of their capacity to confer plant beneficial effects, efficient colonization of the plant environment is of utmost importance. The majority of plant-associated bacteria derives from the soil environment. They may migrate to the rhizosphere and subsequently the rhizoplane of their hosts before they are able to show beneficial effects. Some rhizoplane colonizing bacteria can also penetrate plant roots, and some strains may move to aerial plant parts, with a decreasing bacterial density in comparison to rhizosphere or root colonizing populations. A better understanding on colonization processes has been obtained mostly by microscopic visualisation as well as by analysing the characteristics of mutants carrying disfunctional genes potentially involved in colonization. In this review we describe the individual steps of plant colonization and survey the known mechanisms responsible for rhizosphere and endophytic competence. The understanding of colonization processes is important to better predict how bacteria interact with plants and whether they are likely to establish themselves in the plant environment after field application as biofertilisers or biocontrol agents.     

Pseudomonas putida BP25 alters root phenotype and triggers salicylic acid signaling as a feedback loop in regulating endophytic colonization in Arabidopsis thaliana

Endophytic Pseudomonas putida BP25 (PpBP25) triggered density dependent alterations on Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 growth. Endogenous colonization of PpBP25 was found regulated within Arabidopsis that caused induction and repression of 131 and 74 plant genes, respectively. Induced genes like WRKY33, AtRLP19, ATL2, ATEXO70B2, pEARLI, RPS2, CBP60G, PLA2, CRK18, ATFBS1, DREB2A, TIR, RAP2.4, and MOS1 were components of defense and salicylic acid (SA) signaling. Development associated genes were found significantly repressed. Biased activation of phytohormone signaling with their associated fitness costs on plant growth was observed. The data suggests that PpBP25 colonization triggered expression of defense genes that restricted its own population in a feedback loop besides causing altered root phenotype.     

丛枝菌根真菌对番茄植株内源激素含量的影响

于温室盆栽条件下对番茄(Lycospersicon esukurentamu)幼苗接种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomusmosseae)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)、根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)、幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)或珠状巨孢囊霉(Gigaspora margarita)10d后定期采样,应用间接酶联免疫吸附分析法(ELISA)测定各处理番茄植株根和叶片内源激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)、玉米素核苷(ZR)和脱落酸(ABA)含量。接种20d G.mosseae处理的番茄根系菌根侵染率高达68.5%,显著高于其他接种处理;供试AM真菌显著增加了番茄植株鲜重、株高、地上部和地下部干重、其根或叶内IAA、GA、ZR和ABA含量均显著高于不接种对照,以G.mosseae处理的根或叶中IAA、GA、ZR和ABA含量最高。     

The Tripartite Symbiosis Formed by Indigenous Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Soya Bean Under Field Conditions

The tripartite symbiosis formed by indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Jordan and soya bean (Glycine max L. Merr. cv. Evans) was investigated under field conditions to test the hypotheses that: (i) the tripartite symbiosis enhances nodulation and nodule activity; and (ii) its establishment does not rely on improved phosphorus (P) uptake through the fungal partner. Soil tillage was used to produce treatments with contrasting AMF colonization potentials while the amount of B. japonicum inoculum was kept constant. Nodulation, AMF colonization and the P and nitrogen (N) nutrition of plants were evaluated at 10 and 51 (full‐bloom) days after emergence. N₂ fixation was estimated by the difference method and by the isotopic dilution method. At the early stage of plant growth, AMF hyphal colonization and nodulation were, respectively, 16 % and 33 % greater in plants from untilled than from rototilled soil. The establishment of the tripartite symbiosis was observed under field conditions, and factors other than P nutrition were critical to its formation. However, the tripartite symbiosis did not promote N₂ fixation under the high soil P conditions of this study.     

Can the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices actively mobilize P from rock phosphates?

Plants colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have been shown to respond positively to the application of insoluble forms of inorganic phosphorus (P) such as rock phosphates (RPs). The mechanism(s) underlying such responses remain(s) unknown and although it has been hypothesized, there is no experimental support for the production of chelating agents by AM fungal hyphae. Here we investigate whether AM fungi can solubilize P from RPs and transfer it to plant roots. Using root-organ cultures of Daucus carrota L. inoculated or not with Glomus intraradices Schenk & Smith and containing P from different RP sources, we predicted that: (1) roots inoculated with G. intraradices would take up more P than those uninoculated; that (2) the amount of P taken up by roots through G. intraradices would be positively correlated with the RP reactivity; and that (3) G. intraradices would have access to RP through localized alterations of pH and/or by the production of organic acid anions that may act as chelating agents. The RP reactivity was positively correlated with P uptake. However, mycorrhizal roots grew initially slower and did not respond differently to any P treatment than those uninoculated. There was no evidence of localized changes in pH in proximity of G. intraradices hyphae, indicating that responses to RP by mycorrhizal plants observed in previous studies do not appear to result from the release of H⁺ ions alone or in combination with organic acid anions.     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对小麦根内氮转运蛋白基因表达的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在低氮(不施氮)和高氮(施氮0.2 g·kg~(-1))水平下接种不同种类丛枝菌根(AM)真菌[Funneliformis mosseae(BGC-NM03D)、Claroideoglomus etunicatum(BGC-NM01B)和Rhizophagus intraradices(BJ09)]对小麦生长、氮吸收及根内4个硝态氮转运蛋白(NRT)基因、1个辅助蛋白(NAR)基因和2个铵态氮转运蛋白(AMT)基因表达的影响。结果表明,3种AM真菌均能够侵染小麦根系,以R.intraradices菌根的侵染率最高;接种R.intraradices或C.etunicatum能够显著提高小麦的生物量或地上部氮吸收量;无论是高氮还是低氮处理,接种AM真菌后均显著下调了小麦根内NRT、NAR和AMT基因的表达水平,且不同AM真菌调控小麦根内氮转运蛋白基因表达的能力具有明显差异。