Root trait plasticity and plant nutrient acquisition in phosphorus limited soil

To overcome soil nutrient limitation, many plants have developed complex nutrient acquisition strategies including altering root morphology, root hair formation or colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The interactions of these strategies and their plasticity are, however, affected by soil nutrient status throughout plant growth. Such plasticity is decisive for plant phosphorus (P) acquisition in P‐limited soils. We investigated the P acquisition strategies and their plasticity of two maize genotypes characterized by the presence or absence of root hairs. We hypothesized that in the absence of root hairs plant growth is facilitated by traits with complementary functions, e.g., by higher root mycorrhizal colonization. This dependence on complementary traits will decrease in P fertilized soils. At early growth stages, root hairs are of little benefit for nutrient uptake. Regardless of the presence or absence of root hairs, plants produced average root biomass of 0.14 g per plant and exhibited 23% root mycorrhizal colonization. At later growth stages of maize, contrasting mechanisms with functional complementarity explained similar plant biomass production under P limitation: the presence of root hairs versus higher root mycorrhizal colonization (67%) favored by increased fine root diameter in absence of root hairs. P fertilization decreased the dependence of plant on specific root traits for nutrient acquisition. Through root trait plasticity, plants can minimize trade‐offs for developing and maintaining functional traits, while increasing the benefit in terms of nutrient acquisition and plant growth. The present study highlights the plasticity of functional root traits for efficient nutrient acquisition strategies in agricultural systems with low nutrient availability.     

蒙古扁桃菌根苗对干旱胁迫的分子响应机制

【目的】探明菌根对蒙古扁桃(Prunus mongolica)抗旱能力影响的分子机制。【方法】对生长45 d的菌根化蒙古扁桃与非菌根化蒙古扁桃进行非干旱胁迫和干旱胁迫处理,非干旱胁迫蒙古扁桃在处理期间每天补充水分;干旱胁迫处理蒙古扁桃从培育45 d开始停止浇水,模拟自然干旱胁迫,持续时间15 d。试验结束后,每个处理选12株进行叶长、叶宽、叶片脱落数及生物量的测定和统计;另选12株采用高通量测序方法进行转录组测序,并对其差异表达转录本进行GO和KEGG富集分析。【结果】干旱胁迫条件下,菌根化苗木底部的一些叶片会脱落,而非菌根化苗木叶片几乎不脱落;同时,菌根化苗木的地下生物量显著高于非菌根化苗木。通过高通量测序发现,4个处理文库共获得43 641个转录本;在P0.001时,菌根化蒙古扁桃干旱胁迫(MD)与非干旱胁迫(MCK)处理相比,存在820个差异表达转录本;干旱胁迫条件下,菌根化苗木(MD)与非菌根化苗木(ND)相比,存在3 751个差异表达转录本;非干旱胁迫条件下,菌根化苗木(MCK)与非菌根化苗木(NCK)相比,存在2 315个差异表达转录本。GO富集分析发现,MD与ND处理文库间的细胞组分、分子功能和生化过程3类主要功能分类的差异表达转录本,较MD与MCK处理文库间均增加;MCK与NCK处理文库间差异转录本的分类结果同MD与ND处理文库间基本相同,只是在分子功能分类中多出通道调节活性这一功能。经KEGG富集分析发现,天线蛋白、类胡萝卜素生物合成途径、激素信号传导途径、N代谢途径、过氧化物酶体、植物昼夜节律和MAPK信号途径等与干旱胁迫存在密切联系。实时荧光定量PCR表明转录组测序数据可靠。【结论】菌根化处理可以提高蒙古扁桃的抗旱能力。     

不同林龄云南松根际土壤丛枝菌根真菌多样性

以不同林龄云南松的根和根际土壤为研究对象,采用苯胺蓝染色-显微镜观察法探究云南松与丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)的关系;采用湿筛倾注-蔗糖离心法分离根际土壤AMF孢子,结合形态学和分子生物学进行鉴定,并分析其物种多样性。结果表明,苯胺蓝压片中未观察到丛枝菌根的特有结构,认为云南松根系与AMF不存在共生关系。根际土壤中共鉴定出7属25种AMF,包括无梗囊霉属6种、近明球囊霉属1种、多样孢囊霉属2种、巨孢囊霉属3种、盾巨孢囊霉属1种、球囊霉属11种、根孢囊霉属1种,其中球囊霉属和无梗囊霉属是云南松根际土壤AMF优势属;云南松林分不同发育阶段根际土壤AMF多样性存在差异,Shannon-Weiner指数、孢子密度和种的丰度为中龄林>幼龄林>成熟林;根际土壤AMF孢子密度、种数和优势种：幼龄林15.15个·g^-1、9种、瑞氏无梗囊霉、微白巨孢囊霉、长孢球囊霉,中龄林38.13个·g^-1、22种、瑞氏无梗囊霉、珠状巨孢囊霉、疣壁球囊霉,成熟林14.19个·g^-1、7种...     

Arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of selected herbaceous plants under arid protected area in Tunisia

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in plants growth and soils dynamic in all most ecosystems. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the plant-AMF interactions on soil functions under arid protected area ‘Zarat-Gabès’ in Tunisia.

AMF colonization was evaluated by visual observation of AMF in fine roots of eight herbaceous plants. The level of mycorrhizal colonization varied between plants. Astragalus corrugatus and Hippocrepis areolata showed the highest mycorrhizal performance. The relative spore number was significantly different across rhizosphere soils. Statistical analysis showed a clearly positive correlation between the number of spores and plant-mycorrhizal intensity.

For microbiological parameters, our results showed that mycorrhizal plants improved significantly the various microbiological parameters. Rhizosphere soils of Astragalus corrugatus and Hippocrepis areolata presented the necessary microbial densities and microorganisms more stable compared to unplanted soil. This study allowed obtaining a new result that challenges us about the need for efficient management of natural resources in the objective of nature conservation.     

Potential biomedical reuse of vegetative residuals from mycorrhized grapevines subjected to warming

Grapevine leaves are widely discarded in open fields despite their known antioxidant properties. We tested the cytotoxicity of leaf extracts from three clones (CL-260, CL-1048, CL-8) of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Tempranillo against four human cancer cell lines: colon, HT-29; breast, MCF-7; lung HTB-54; and lymphoblastic leukemia, CCRF-CEM. Grapevines were cultivated at either ambient (24/14 °C) or elevated (28/18 °C) day/night temperatures, and inoculated (+M) or not (-M) with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Cytotoxicity was analysed by MTT assays. Elevated air temperatures enhanced the cytotoxicity of leaf extracts from CL-260 against HT-29, CCRF-CEM and HTB-54 and that from CL-8 against MCF-7. Mycorrhization improved the cytotoxicity of leaf extracts from CL-1048 against HT-29, CCRF-CEM, HTB-54 and MCF-7. The cytotoxic activities of CL-260 against HTB-54 and CL-1048 against HT-29 were correlated, respectively, with total phenols and total antioxidant capacity. We conclude that the predicted increase in air temperature for the future climate and the mycorrhizal association of grapevines may enhance the cytotoxicity of leaves, which strengthens the potential application of these agricultural residuals for biomedicine. However, the clonal diversity in the response to AMF and air temperature highlights the importance of choosing the most adequate clone for a concrete environmental scenario.     

土著菌根真菌对西南桦无性系幼苗光合生理的影响

西南桦是一个典型的菌根营养型树种。揭示土著菌根真菌侵染对其幼苗光合作用的影响,旨在为菌根化幼苗的培育提供科学依据。以西南桦4个无性系组培苗为材料,应用12个西南桦人工林样地内表土(编号为S1、S2、S3,…,S12)作为接种剂和育苗基质开展盆栽试验,分析各土接种处理及无性系之间幼苗叶绿素含量、光合参数以及叶绿素荧光参数的差异。结果表明:1)12个土接种处理间幼苗叶绿素含量、光合参数以及叶绿素荧光参数差异显著,其中S12处理的叶绿素含量、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率以及Fv、Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ和ETR均显著高于其它处理,而叶绿素a与b含量的比值以及胞间CO2浓度显著低于其它处理;2)FB4、BY1、FB4+等3个无性系之间绝大部分光合生理指标差异不显著,而显著高于无性系A5,仅气孔导度和Fv/Fm在4个无性系之间差异不显著;3)相关分析亦显示,各土接种处理的西南桦幼苗总叶绿素含量、净光合速率、水分利用效率、PSⅡ最大光化学效率和实际光化学效率与其土著菌根侵染率均呈正相关,且绝大多数相关性达到显著或极显著水平。     

呼伦贝尔退化草场土壤AM真菌多样性及与土壤因子的相关性分析

指出了草原是我国面积最大的陆地生态系统,约占陆地总面积的20%,在国家生态安全中有着重要的作用。但是由于近年来过量的放牧和毁草开荒等人为因素,使草原生态环境受到严重破坏,这严重影响了我国的社会经济发展。以内蒙古呼伦贝尔退化草原为研究对象,调查研究了不同退化程度草场的牧草根段AM真菌侵染率及多样性的变化,根据土壤因子分析引起这种变化的原因。研究结果显示:土壤含水量、土壤团聚体结构数量、总碳含量、土壤脲酶活性随草地退化程度的加深而显著下降,土壤pH值和EC值随草地退化程度的增加而显著升高,而土壤有效磷含量、土壤蔗糖酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性则呈现出轻度退化>未退化>中度退化>重度退化的趋势。牧草根段AM真菌侵染率随退化程度加深而显著下降,并与土壤含水量、脲酶活性呈显著正相关,与土壤pH值、EC值呈显著负相关。从土壤样品DNA中扩增AM真菌特异性片段并采用DGGE技术对AM真菌多样性进行分析,发现AM真菌多样性指数、丰富度、均匀度变化均呈现轻度退化>未退化>中度退化>重度退化的趋势,且都与土壤有效磷、碱性磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,与蔗糖酶活性呈极显著正相关。研究表明:人为干扰对草原土壤根际AM真菌群落有不同程度的影响,且于土壤因子之间存在一定的相关性。这些研究可为更好地理解草原退化原因及更有效地进行草原植被开发和修复提供可靠地理论依据。     

The diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Rosa acicularis ’Luhe’ in saline areas

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF)in the soil encompass a diversity of species and play an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance.However,little research has focused on the AMF diversity of Rosa acicularis Lindl.’Luhe’,which has been cultivated in northeastern saline areas,because of its strong salt tolerance and cold resistance.In the present study the AMF in the rhizosphere of R.acicularis Luhe were identified and AMF diversity and community composition were assessed using morphological and molecular techniques.Vesicles,hyphae,and arbuscular structures were observed in seedlings of different ages.Result shows that AMF established a good symbiotic relationship with R.acicularis Luhe.The colonization rate and spore density tended to increase over time.The AMF diversity in the rhizosphere of R.acicularis Luhe was low and four species of AMF were validated:Rhizophagus irregularis,Glomus aggregatum,Septoglomus furcatum,and Funneliformis mosseae.Of these,R.irregularis and G.aggregatum were dominant and have high salt tolerance.Determining the AMF diversity in the rhizosphere of R.acicularis Luhe will aid in screening AMF species with strong resistance and using mycorrhizas for plant establishment in breeding programs.     

Seasonality of mycorrhizal attributes,soil phosphorus and nitrogen of Juniperus phoenicea and Retama monosperma boiss. in an Atlantic sand dunes forest

Seasonal variation of mycorrhization attributes in a degraded ecosystem seems to be key information in conceiving rehabilitation programs that use mycorrhized plantations specific to that ecosystem. In order to record seasonality of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in an Atlantic sand dunes forest, root colonization and spores abundance alongside rhizospheric phosphorus and nitrogen of two plant species: Juniperus phoenicea and Retama monosperma, endemic to Essaouira sand dunes forest, were followed through three years. The findings were tested for statistical significance and correlated among each and to some meteorological variables: temperatures, precipitations, and humidity. Results showed that mycorrhization frequencies and intensities and spores densities changed seasonally. They had their peak at late winter-early spring and their low at summer. Phosphorus and nitrogen evolved significantly following seasons. Significant negative correlation was noted between phosphorus and mycorrhizal attributes evolution. Nitrogen correlated positively and significantly though weakly with R. monosperma mycorrhizal attributes. The correlations between mycorrhizal attributes and meteorological variables were not all evident except for temperatures and temperatures-precipitations combination, which had a direct negative impact on mycorrhizal attributes.     

冬小麦免耕覆盖与有机栽培对土壤微生物群落组成的影响

为揭示农业管理活动对土壤微生物群落结构及AM真菌多样性的影响,以农田土壤生态系统为研究对象,选取免耕覆盖+施有机肥（NF）、免耕覆盖+不施有机肥（NC）、传统耕作不覆盖+施有机肥（TF）和传统耕作不覆盖+不施有机肥（TC）4种处理,采用Illumina Miseq高通量测序及磷脂脂肪酸（phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs）分析方法,研究持续冬小麦免耕覆盖有机栽培3年后,土壤微生物群落结构组成、AM真菌及其多样性与土壤环境因子间的关系。结果表明,持续免耕覆盖有机栽培能增加以PLFA表征的土壤微生物群落的生物量,传统耕作显著提高了土壤革兰氏阳性菌（G⁺）、阴性菌（G^-）的生物量（P<0.05）。且随免耕栽培管理年限增加,土壤AM真菌生物量呈显著上升趋势;以16：1ω5c中性脂（NLFA）与16：1ω5c磷脂（PLFA）表征的AM真菌生物量比值显著升高（P<0.05）。免耕覆盖措施下,有机肥的施用提高了土壤AM真菌丰富度指数（Chao1指数和ACE指数）,但降低了土壤AM真菌的多样性（香农指数、辛普森指数）。主成分分析结果显示,AM真菌孢子（16：1ω5c中性脂）的生物量与土壤有机质、土壤易提取球囊霉素含量呈正相关关系,AM真菌丰富度指数与土壤有机质含量呈正相关,AM真菌多样性指数与土壤全氮含量、脲酶活性呈正相关。受农业管理措施导致的土壤理化性状及土壤生物学差异等综合因素影响,土壤微生物生物量及AM真菌多样性和丰富度改变。免耕覆盖措施提高了土壤AM真菌多样性指数,有机肥施用显著影响了AM真菌NLFA/PLFA生物量的比例,改变了AM真菌孢子和菌丝间生物量碳的分配关系。