南京典型利用方式土壤中球囊霉素含量及剖面分布特征

采用Brad-ford染色法研究了南京市5种典型利用方式土壤不同土层中(0~10、10~20、20~40 cm)球囊霉素的含量。结果表明:土壤中总球囊霉素含量为1.96~3.12 mg/g,占土壤有机碳的12.5%~29.0%,所占比例随土壤有机碳含量的增加而降低。林地和草地土壤中球囊霉素和有机碳的含量均高于3种耕作土壤(水稻田、茶园土和菜园土)。随着土层深度(0~40 cm)的增加,5种不同利用方式土壤中总球囊霉素和有机碳的含量均减小;与其他土层相比,0~10 cm土层总球囊霉素和有机碳含量均最大。耕作土壤中易提取球囊霉素更易于向总球囊霉素转化。发现5种土地利用方式下土壤中总球囊霉素含量与土壤有机碳含量极显著正相关,与土壤p H显著负相关;易提取球囊霉素与土壤有机碳含量极显著负相关。总球囊霉素和易提取球囊霉素可作为评价土壤丛枝菌根真菌活性和土壤质量的重要指标。     

Stability of desiccated rhizosphere soil aggregates of mycorrhizal Juniperus oxycedrus grown in a desertified soil amended with a composted organic residue

Adequate soil structural stability favours the establishment and viability of a stable plant cover, protecting the soil against water erosion in desertified Mediterranean environments. We studied the effect of soil drying-rewetting, inoculation with a mixture of three exotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus deserticola (Trappe, Bloss. & Menge) and Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe) and addition of a composted organic residue on aggregate stabilisation of the rhizosphere soil of Juniperus oxycedrus. The AM fungi and composted residue produced similar increases in plant growth, independently of the water conditions. Under well-watered conditions, the highest percentages of stable aggregates were recorded in the amended soil, followed by the soil inoculated with AM fungi. Excepting microbial biomass C, the soil drying increased labile C fractions (water soluble C, water soluble and total carbohydrates), whereas the rewetting decreased significantly such C fractions. Desiccation caused a significant increase in aggregate stability of the rhizosphere soil of all plants, particularly in the amended and inoculated plants. In all treatments, the aggregates formed after soil drying were unstable, since, in the rewetting, they disappear, reaching the initial levels before soil drying. Our results suggest that the aggregation mechanisms developed by rhizosphere microbial community of the amended and inoculated plants under water stress can be particularly relevant in desertified soils exposed to long desiccation periods.     

Accumulation of specific flavonoids in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) as a function of the early tripartite symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner) Jordan

This study is the first report assessing the effect of soil inoculation on the signalling interaction of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and soybean plants throughout the early stages of colonisation that lead to the tripartite symbiosis. In a study using soil disturbance to produce contrasting indigenous AMF treatments, the flavonoids daidzein, genistein and coumestrol were identified as possible signals for regulating the establishment of the tripartite symbiosis. However, it was unclear whether soil disturbance induced changes in flavonoid root accumulation other than through changing the potential for AMF colonization. In this study, soil treatments comprising all possible combinations of AMF and B. japonicum were established to test whether (1) modifications in root flavonoid accumulation depend on the potential for AMF colonization, and (2) synthesis and accumulation of flavonoids in the roots change over time as a function of the early plant-microbial interactions that lead to the tripartite symbiosis. The study was comprised of two phases. First, maize was grown over 3-week periods to promote the development of the AM fungus Glomus clarum. Second, the interaction between soybean, G. clarum and B. japonicum was evaluated at 6, 10, 14 and 40 days after plant emergence. Root colonization by G. clarum had a positive effect on nodulation 14 days after emergence, producing, 30% more nodules which were 40% heavier than those on roots solely inoculated with B. japonicum. The tripartite symbiosis resulted in 23% more N₂ being fixed than did the simpler symbiosis between soybean and B. japonicum. The presence of both symbionts changed accumulation of flavonoids in roots. Daidzein and coumestrol increased with plant growth. However, development of the tripartite symbiosis caused a decrease in coumestrol; accumulation of daidzein, the most abundant flavonoid, was reduced in the presence of AMF.     

AM真菌生长发育影响因素及其对植物作用的研究

由真菌与植物根系共生形成的AM菌根在自然界中分布广泛，其牛长发育受温度、土壤湿度等条件的影响；AM菌根可以促进宿主植物的生长已经在许多植物上得到证实，此外。此类菌根对提高植物的耐盐性、抗旱性及抗重金属毒性方面都有显著的作用。     

梅花根际土壤栽培三叶草的丛枝菌根侵染研究

从北京、武汉、南京、重庆、昆明五个梅园和野梅主要分布区的云南嵩明、四川木里、贵州茂兰自然保护区,以及北京林业大学的梅圃中分别于春、夏、秋、冬四季,采集梅花根际土壤300份。以梅花根际土壤和蛭石体积为1∶1混合作为栽培基质,种植三叶草,培养4个月后,应用染色镜检法测定丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)侵染三叶草根系的状况。结果表明:所有梅花根际土壤栽培三叶草都有丛枝菌根侵染;野生梅花根际土壤栽培三叶草的丛枝菌根侵染率高于人工梅园;四季的梅花根际土壤栽培三叶草丛枝菌根侵染在季节间无明显差异。     

福建省主要非豆科固氮树木VA菌根真菌鉴定

从福建省9地市的栽培及野生主要非豆科固氮树木根际分离出VA菌根真菌3属10种.球囊霉属8种:幼套球囊霉(Glomusetumieatum)、摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)、何氏球囊霉(G.hoi)、地球囊霉(G.geosporum)、苏格兰球囊霉(G.caledomium)、缩球囊霉(G.constritum)、透光球囊霉(G.diaphanum)、台湾球囊霉(G.formosanum).硬囊霉属1种:弯丝硬囊霉(Sclerocystissinu-osa).无梗内囊霉属1种:细凹无梗囊霉(Acaulosporascrobiculate).以上3属10种VA菌根真菌均为福建省新纪录种.文中详细记叙了以上10种的形成特征.     

AMF在三峡库区生态环境建设中的应用

三峡库区生态环境脆弱,丛枝菌根真菌作为一种新型的生物肥料,可以与植物的根形成互惠共生体,增加植物对水分和矿质营养的吸收,提高植物抗逆性,以及在土地复垦和植树造林等方面起着重要作用。论述了丛枝菌根真菌的生态特征,以及在三峡库区生态环境建设中的广泛效应,并提出了下一步研究重点和热点。     

豫西黄土高原主要造林树种VA菌根真菌研究

对豫西黄土高原主要造林树种毛白杨、榆树、泡桐、刺槐、柳树、臭椿等根际土VA菌根真菌进行了鉴定,共鉴定出VA菌根真菌9种:沙漠球囊霉(G lom us desertico la)、缩球囊霉(G.constric-tum)、苏格兰球囊霉(G.caledon ium)、摩西球囊霉(G.m osseae)、地球囊霉(G.geospora)、单孢球囊霉(G.m onosporum)、透光球囊霉(G.d iaphanum)微丛球囊霉(G.m icroaggregatum)和网纹盾巨孢囊霉(Scutellospora reticu lata),其中缩球囊霉是优势种。描述了种的形态学特征,并对其分布规律进行了初步探讨。     

森林腐殖土防治落叶松幼苗立枯病

森林腐殖土含有大量的菌根菌,用于苗圃有利于苗木生长发育和抑制幼苗立枯病病菌。1982～1984年在辽阳县国营苗圃的试验表明,每平方米苗床施用10千克腐殖土,落叶松幼苗菌根真菌感染率达100％与未施腐殖土及施药剂比较,立枯病发病率分别由原来的95.6％(生(?)和80.5％下降到10～16.5％,并且苗高、地径、根系等均有显著提高。因此,施用腐殖土是防治立枯病,改善生态环境和提高苗木生产率的有效办法。     

丛枝菌根真菌和细菌肥料对水稻生长的影响

丛枝菌根真菌能与多数旱地植物共生 ,形成菌根。菌根的形成能促进植物对营养元素 ,特别是磷素的吸收 ,并增强植物的多种抗逆性 ,从而达到促进植物生长 ,提高产量的目的。水稻是我国的主要粮食作物 ,需要在淹水条件下生长 ,而菌根真菌是好氧性微生物 ,在淹水条件下不能形成菌根 ,因而至今还未见到将菌根真菌应用于水稻栽培的报导。但是在旱育条件下 ,能否通过接种菌根真菌 ,帮助秧苗形成菌根 ,培育出健壮的秧苗 ,从而提高水稻的产量 ?这是本试验的目的。在测试菌根真菌效果的同时 ,为了探讨菌根真菌与细菌肥料的协同关系 ,在试验中加入了细菌…