产紫丁香苷内生真菌CJ7的鉴定及发酵条件研究

为高效利用刺五加内生真菌资源,推动紫丁香苷的生产,采用HPLC法,以紫丁香苷为对照,分析内生真菌CJ7的次生代谢产物;采用琼脂糖扩散法,对内生真菌CJ7进行抑菌活性分析,并采用单因素实验及正交实验法对内生真菌CJ7发酵条件进行优选;采用形态学观察及ITS序列分析法对内生真菌CJ7进行菌种鉴定。结果表明,在内生真菌CJ7发酵液中含有紫丁香苷。抑菌活性实验结果表明,内生真菌CJ7对10种致病菌均有较好的抑制作用,尤其对金黄色葡萄球菌抑菌效果较为明显。经优化,CJ7的最佳发酵工艺为培养基中葡萄糖质量浓度2.5%,牛肉膏质量浓度2.0%,初始pH 7.0,装液量40%,接种量2%,培养8天,摇床转数120 r/min,发酵温度28℃。经鉴定,内生真菌CJ7为产烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)。上述研究说明,内生真菌CJ7为紫丁香苷产生菌。研究结果可为采用微生物发酵法生产紫丁香苷提供参考。     

Molecular analysis of the Arbuscular mycorrhiza symbiosis

The molecular analysis of the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis started at the beginning of this decade. The paper summarises the work of the ‘Laboratorium für Molekulare Genetik arbuskulärer Mykorrhiza’ at the MPI für terrestrische Mikrobiologie in Marburg on three major topics. Firstly, the plant response to the mycorrhizal colonisation was analysed using both, targeted and non‐targeted approaches. As an example, the localisation of the gst1 mRNA in potato mycorrhiza is shown. Second, molecular techniques were established to analyse gene expression of the fungal partner of the symbiosis. We present a differential RNA display analysis of spore germination in two AM fungi and the cloning of a gene from Glomus mosseae that shows expression at all stages of the fungal life cycle. In the last part, we introduce the work we are carrying out with a new root endophytic fungus, Piriformospora indica. Infection experiments on maize showed that despite the fungus performs as a root necrotroph, it has a positive effect on plant growth.     

1株低温地丝霉菌的鉴定及其分解角蛋白与纤维素特性

为筛选分解角蛋白与纤维素的低温菌株,从西藏当雄牧草地分离1株低温菌株,对其进行鉴定及部分生物学功能研究.形态学鉴定参照Oorschot的分类标准和系统进行,分子鉴定基于ITS1-5.8 SrDNA-ITS2序列进行分析.结果表明:确定该菌株为毡状地丝霉毡状变种(Geomyces pannorum var.pannorum(Link) Sigler & J.W.Carmich).其最低、最适、最高生长温度分别为5℃、15℃和30℃,在35℃时不能生长,可分解角蛋白和纤维素,有潜在应用价值.     

Effect of tillage and crop on arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of winter wheat and triticale under Mediterranean conditions

Large‐scale inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is generally impractical in most regions and we have little understanding of the factors that determine inoculation success. Nevertheless, the ability to take full advantage of indigenous AMF for sustainable production needs to be developed within cropping systems. We used part of a long‐term field experiment to understand the influence of tillage and the preceding crop on AMF colonization over the growing season. Arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization rate was more affected by treatment (tillage or the combination of crop and preceding crop) than by the total number of AMF spores in the soil. Conventional tillage (CT) had a statistically significant negative effect (P ≤ 0.05) on spore numbers isolated from the soil, but only in the first year of study. However, the AMF colonization rate was significantly reduced by CT, and the roots of wheat, Triticum aestivum, L, cv. Coa after sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., were less well colonized than were those of triticale, X Triticosecale Wittmack, cv. Alter after wheat, but the affect of tillage was more pronounced than was the effect of crop combination. Under no‐till there was a significant increase in AMF colonization rate throughout the sampling period in both wheat and triticale, indicating that the extraradical mycelium previously produced acted as a source of inoculum. In general, triticale showed greater AMF colonization than wheat, despite the preceding crop being less mycotrophic. Under these experimental conditions, typical of Mediterranean agricultural systems, AMF colonization responded more strongly to tillage practices than to the combination of crop and preceding crop.     

几种常见食用菌胞外酶活性测定方法的研究

食用菌胞外酶活性的变化规律与食用菌生长发育有着密切的关系,能在一定程度上检测菌种老化、退化和不利变异带来的危害。对近年来常见的几种食用菌胞外酶活性测定方法进行了总结与分析,简略的讨论了各种胞外酶活性测定方法的利弊,为快速检测食用菌胞外酶提供理论依据。     

Loss of pathogenicity in the blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica

The pathogenicity and growth of six cultures of the bark-beetle-associated blue-stain fungus Ceratocystis polonica were compared. Four were subcultures, established at different times, of the same isolate (80–53/7), and at least one of these was suspected to have lost its pathogenicity to Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) during subculturing. Two other cultures (93–208/115 and 94–169/13) were pathogenic. The pathogenicity of all cultures to Norway spruce was compared in three inoculation experiments, using (i) massive inoculation (≈144 inoculations per tree), (ii) low-density inoculation (14 inoculations per tree) of larger trees and (iii) single inoculation of 2-year-old seedlings. Fungal growth rates were tested in vitro on malt agar, and on malt agar under oxygen-deficient conditions. Isolates 93–208/115 and 94–169/13 and one of the subcultures of isolate 80–53/7 were pathogenic in all three inoculation experiments. Two other subcultures were nonpathogenic, while the last subculture was intermediate. The pathogenic cultures had higher growth rates on malt agar than the nonpathogenic and intermediate cultures, and they also grew better under oxygen-deficient conditions. These results demonstrate that blue-stain fungi may lose their pathogenicity after serial vegetative transfers on artificial substrates. The results are also consistent with the hypothesis that rapid growth and the ability to grow in oxygen-poor environments are important pathogenicity factors in blue-stain fungi.     

Bacterial and fungal pathogens isolated from corneal ulcerations in domesticated elephants (Elephas maximus maximus) in Sri Lanka

Infective corneal diseases are common among the domesticated elephants in Sri Lanka, causing morbidity including blindness leading to loss of revenue to their owners. From 140 elephants of different ages and both sexes, 36 animals (25.7%) had evidence of keratitis, corneal ulcers, corneal opacities, and some had foreign bodies in their eyes. Nine elephants (6.4%) had lesions in both eyes (6.41%). Cultures for both bacteria and fungi were obtained from 26 corneal ulcers, including the nine elephants with bilateral lesions. The other 10 animals could not be restrained for sample collection. Swabs from the normal corneas of an additional 20 elephants without signs of any ophthalmic diseases were also collected. Twenty-three of the 35 (65.71%) samples from affected corneas yielded bacterial pathogens, and 14 (40%) also had fungal isolates. None of them yielded a fungal isolate alone. The predominant bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus , beta hemolytic streptococci and coliforms. Fusarium , Cladosporium , Curvularia and Aspergillus species were the primary fungal isolates. No bacteria or filamentous fungi were isolated from the eyes with the normal corneas. Microbial identification including fungal isolations is suggested in the management of infective corneal diseases in elephants.     

三种橡胶树乙烯利刺激剂对柑桔褐腐疫霉的毒力测定

通过含毒介质和橡胶叶片接种的试验方法,测定三种不同载体的乙烯利涂剂(含2％乙烯利)对柑桔褐腐疫霉的抑菌率,结果表明三种乙烯利涂剂均有不同程度的抑菌能力,其中抗病增胶灵抑菌能力最高,效能稳定,持效期长;而以淀粉和甲基纤维素为载体的涂剂抑菌能力较低,效能不稳定,持效期短。     

菌根性食用菌栽培研究进展

对目前菌根性食用菌栽培研究的进展进行了综述。重点介绍了菌根性食用菌与共生植物的相互作用,几种主要菌根性食用菌的培养条件、接种方法和栽培方法,以及种植园管理技术的研究现状。     

少孢节丛孢菌超微结构的观察研究

观察了捕食线虫性真菌——少孢节丛孢菌的超微结构，以探讨捕食线虫性真菌的杀虫机理。结果显示，少孢节丛孢菌属于隔膜类真菌，隔膜中央有孔，菌丝细胞一般呈长形竹节状；菌株的捕食器为黏性菌环和菌网，形成捕食器的菌丝细胞结构不同于一般的营养菌丝，胞质中含有许多电子密集体，呈大小不等的黑色类圆形颗粒状，多数排列在捕食器菌丝细胞的边缘区域，这是捕食线虫性真菌捕食器菌丝细胞的一个重要特征。