藏北高寒草甸不同深度土壤生物群落结构的高通量分析

为了解藏北高寒草甸土壤生物群落结构，采用高通量测序技术，研究了那曲高寒草甸0~5、5~10、10~15、15~20、20~25 cm土壤深度范围内生物群落组成与结构差异。结果表明，可操作分类单元（OTUs）在20~25 cm土层最少，且该层次Chao1指数和观测到的物种数均显著少于0~20 cm各土层。在门水平，0~25 cm各土层均以Opisthokonta为最优势群落，但20~25 cm土层的Archaeplastida群落较0~20 cm各土层的相对丰度高。在纲水平，0~20 cm各土层均以Nucletmycea为最优势群落，但到20~25 cm土层则转变为以Holozoa为最优势群落。在目水平，0~20 cm各土层均以fungi为最优势群落，但到20~25 cm土层则转变为以Metazoa_（Animalia）为最优势群落。研究发现不同深度土壤生物群落种类及丰度有一定差异，尤其是20~25 cm土层的土壤生物群落与0~20 cm内各土层之间有很大不同，说明土壤有机质可能影响土壤生物群落的分布，本结论可为进一步研究藏北高寒草甸土壤生物群落特征提供一定依据。     

红河州林地外来有害生物入侵与防控对策研究

迄今红河州主要入侵生物包括橡胶树白根病、橡胶棒孢霉落叶病2种病害,椰心叶甲、红棕象甲、水椰八角铁甲、褐纹甘蔗象4种棕榈科害虫,紫茎泽兰、飞机草等26种有害植物.文章在系统报道全州入侵生物分布、危害特性的基础上,分析得出外来有害生物成功入侵原因包括地理区位、森林生态系统恶化、气候变暖、有害生物适应能力增强、缺乏有效的自然控制机制、检疫执法难度大等.提出加强检疫监管、加大宣传力度、构建监测体系、多渠道筹集防控经费、依法除治等科学防控策略.     

关于我国开展转基因生物科普工作的思考

民众对转基因生物的理性认识与接受程度是转基因生物产业顺利发展的重要基础与保障。作为转基因生物风险交流的重要组成部分,科普工作的重要性也上升到了前所未有的高度。文章立足于我国国情特点与转基因生物科普的特殊性,从以政府统筹规划为核心,不断加强机制、技术与设施保障,建立高效的科普渠道,创作喜闻乐见的科普作品等方面进行了对转基因生物科普工作的思考,以期提高我国民众对转基因生物的整体认知水平与接受能力,为发展转基因生物产业创造良好的社会环境。     

蛭弧菌在水果清洗杀菌中的应用

将经致病菌侵染的新鲜苹果用不同浓度(102、104、106、108 PFU/mL)的蛭弧菌进行浸泡后,通过检测致病菌的残留量,分析不同浓度蛭弧菌对苹果表面常见致病菌的消除作用。然后将经致病菌侵染的苹果分别用蛭弧菌及化学除菌剂进行处理,检测致病菌的残留量,比较蛭弧菌和化学除菌剂的杀菌效果。结果表明,蛭弧菌对苹果表面常见致病菌有很好的消除效果,且蛭弧菌浓度越高,消除效果越好,消除率最高达到99.1%。与化学杀菌剂相比,蛭弧菌虽然起效慢,但作用时间久,能较长时间控制致病菌生长。     

我国转基因生物安全战略研究

转基因技术已成为近代发展最快的作物改良技术,也是目前人们密切关注的农业技术。由于转基因作物育种关乎生态环境和人类的健康,由此引发的生物安全问题一直以来都备受争论,在国家的严格管理下,不断经受各种质疑和考验。总结了转基因生物安全的特点和我国转基因生物安全管理的成就,并分析了我国转基因生物安全存在的问题,以使公众能正确的认识转基因技术及其产品,使其健康发展,为农业生产服务,推进社会发展。     

Cry1Ab rice does not impact biological characters and functional response of Cyrtorhinus lividipennis preying on Nilaparvata lugens eggs

One concern about the use of transgenic plants is their potential risk to natural enemies. In this study, using the eggs of the rice brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, as a food source, we investigated the effects of Cry1 Ab rice on the biological characteristics and functional response of an important predator Cyrtorhinus lividipennis. The results showed that the survival ability(adult emergence rate and egg hatching rate), development(egg duration, nymphal developmental duration), adult fresh weight, adult longevity and fecundity of C. lividipennis on Bt rice plants were not significantly different compared to those on non-Bt rice plants. Furthermore, two important parameters of functional response(instantaneous search rate and handling time) were not significantly affected by Bt rice. In conclusion, the tested Cry1 Ab rice does not adversely impact the biological character and functional response of C. lividipennis.     

Identification of Antiviral Agents Targeting Hepatitis B Virus Promoter from Extracts of Indonesian Marine Organisms by a Novel Cell-Based Screening Assay

The current treatments of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) face a limited choice of vaccine, antibody and antiviral agents. The development of additional antiviral agents is still needed for improvement of CHB therapy. In this study, we established a screening system in order to identify compounds inhibiting the core promoter activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV). We prepared 80 extracts of marine organisms from the coral reefs of Indonesia and screened them by using this system. Eventually, two extracts showed high inhibitory activity (>95%) and low cytotoxicity (66% to 77%). Solvent fractionation, column chromatography and NMR analysis revealed that 3,5-dibromo-2-(2,4-dibromophenoxy)-phenol (compound 1) and 3,4,5-tribromo-2-(2,4-dibromophenoxy)-phenol (compound 2), which are classified as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), were identified as anti-HBV agents in the extracts. Compounds 1 and 2 inhibited HBV core promoter activity as well as HBV production from HepG2.2.15.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The EC₅₀ values of compounds 1 and 2 were 0.23 and 0.80 µM, respectively, while selectivity indexes of compound 1 and 2 were 18.2 and 12.8, respectively. These results suggest that our cell-based HBV core promoter assay system is useful to determine anti-HBV compounds, and that two PBDE compounds are expected to be candidates of lead compounds for the development of anti-HBV drugs.     

Recent Advances and Applications of Experimental Technologies in Marine Natural Product Research

Marine natural products are a rich source of novel and biologically active compounds. The number of identified marine natural compounds has grown 20% over the last five years from 2009 to 2013. Several challenges, including sample collection and structure elucidation, have limited the development of this research field. Nonetheless, new approaches, such as sampling strategies for organisms from extreme ocean environments, nanoscale NMR and computational chemistry for structural determination, are now available to overcome the barriers. In this review, we highlight the experimental technology innovations in the field of marine natural products, which in our view will lead to the development of many new drugs in the future.     

利用叶蝉评价转基因玉米对非靶标生物的风险

转基因抗虫作物应用是替代杀虫剂的重要途径。但转基因作物可能存负面效应,特别是对非靶标生物的影响及害虫产生抗性。采用直接和陷阱调查结合方法,连续多年对转Cry1Ac 抗虫基因玉米实验田叶蝉和主要节肢动物数量动态跟踪调查,结果发现叶蝉是玉米田优势非靶标生物种群之一,中期发生比例占刺吸式害虫的28.9%~43.1%,且种群动态与主要非靶标节肢动物群落动态基本一致。又鉴于叶蝉直接刺吸接触到Bt 杀虫蛋白,可直接反映转基因作物对非靶标生物的安全性,因此可利用叶蝉作为转基因抗虫玉米安全性评价指示生物来评价转基因玉米对非靶标生物群落风险,田间测试结果证明此方法是可行的。