施用污泥堆肥对土壤和青菜（Brassicachinensis）重金属积累特性的影响

在温室中研究施用污泥堆肥对土壤和青菜中重金属的积累状况的影响,污泥堆肥与土壤比例分别为０,５,１０,２５和５０％。研究表明,随着污泥堆肥施用量增加,土壤ＰＨ略有上升,ＥＣ和土壤水溶态Ｋ,Ｃａ,Ｍｇ,ＮＨ＾＋４和ＰＯ＾３－４含量显著增加。     

堆肥及消化对城市污泥中LABs降解行为的初步研究

对广州、深圳两城市污泥及经消化和堆肥化的污泥中ＬＡＢｓ的检测和分析表明：（１）两城市污泥中ＬＡＢｓ化合物均为合成来源,但二者的配方不同．（２）厌氧消化和好气堆肥两种处理对同碳数的ＬＡＢ所有异构体降解程度基本相近,但不同异构体之间降解速度不同,２－苯基异构体优势于其它异构体降解．（３）两种生污泥都已经历了较高程度的降解,好气堆肥能使有机质降解程度提高,而厌氧消化作用则不能．新降解程序指标［Ｉ／Ｅ］１３的有效性有待进一步研究．     

低浓度剩余活性污泥调理剂的优选

对城市污水处理厂低浓度剩余活性污泥进行调理剂优选试验,试验结果表明：采用F04440SH对低浓度剩余活性污泥进行调理取得了较好的调理效果。     

Long-term effects of farmyard manure and sewage sludge on some soil biochemical characteristics

 Changes in some soil biochemical properties were investigated following repeated applications of aerobically digested sewage sludge (SS) under field conditions over 12 years, and compared with those of an adjacent soil cultivated and amended with 5 t ha^–1 year^–1 (dry weight) farmyard manure (FYM) for at least 40 years, as well as with those of an adjacent uncultivated soil, in order to ascertain changes in soil quality. A short-term aerobic incubation was used to determine the potential of the samples to mineralize the organic C supplied. Results indicated that cultivation caused a reduction in total, humified and potentially mineralizable organic C, total N, light-fraction (LF) C, total and water-soluble carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, cation-exchange capacity (CEC), microbial biomass C, specific respiration, hydrolytic and urease activities, and an increase in the heavy metal content. Total and water-soluble carbohydrates and phenolic compounds expressed as a percentage of total organic C (TOC) were similar in the differently managed plots. Of the two amendments, FYM treatments showed higher amounts of TOC and N, LF-C, total and water-soluble carbohydrates, phenolic substances, CEC, specific respiration of biomass, hydrolytic and urease activities, similar amounts and characteristics of humified organic matter and lower concentrations of Cu, Zn and Cr. Both FYM and SS were inadequate treatments for the restoration of soil organic matter lost as a consequence of cultivation. Received: 20 October 1998     

活性污泥降解水中邻苯二甲酸酯类的研究

用液质联用测定了活性污泥对7种邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）的降解能力。结果显示,PAEs的降解过程可用一级动力学方程描述,随着分子量和初始质量浓度的增加,其降解速率常数减小,活性污泥对混合体系PAEs的降解能力优于降解单一种类PAEs,温度和pH能直接影响降解性能,其最优水平组合为温度36,7℃,pH7．6。     

生物强化处理油田含油污泥的试验研究

采用油泥、菌剂及其他添加物充分混合后堆放的方法,进行了3种条件下的微生物对含油污泥的强化分解研究。结果表明,在菌剂和锯末的共同作用下,经过45d后,污泥含油量从24%下降到11%,去除率达到54%;而菌剂单独作用下,含油量下降到16%,去除率达为33%;在没有菌剂作用下,含油量仍然保持在20%以上。对处理过程中pH变化特性进行了研究。试验说明,生物强化分解是含油污泥处理的有效途径。     

不同秸秆与城市污泥好氧堆肥过程中重金属质量分数及形态变化

以油菜、小麦、玉米和水稻秸秆为调理剂,与城市污泥混合进行好氧堆肥,研究了不同作物秸秆作调理剂对城市污泥好氧堆肥产品重金属质量分数及形态的影响.结果表明:好氧堆肥使堆体中Cd,Pb和Cr 3种重金属质量分数升高,使Pb,Cr可交换态质量分数及生物有效性降低,但不能降低Cd的生物有效性.其中,添加玉米秸秆有利于Cd的碳酸盐结合态向残渣态转化;添加油菜和水稻秸秆促进Cr分别向有机结合态和残渣态转化;添加玉米秸秆能有效降低Pb碳酸盐结合态质量分数,而水稻秸秆更有利于Pb向残渣态转化.表明4种秸秆作为调理剂对重金属形态的影响有一定的差异,对不同的重金属钝化效果不同,应根据污泥中的重金属选择合适的调理剂.     

Denitrifying granules in a marine Upflow Anoxic Sludge Bed (UASB) reactor

Marine land-based Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) are generally perceived as environmentally friendly aquatic production systems. To promote their sustainability even further and reduce the discharge of nutrients, there is a need for cost-effective end-of-pipe treatment technologies for removing nutrients. This includes nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) for which well-proven technologies for freshwater systems exists, while similar technologies for saltwater systems are less advanced. Granular technology has been developed since the 1970s in wastewater treatment under the upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) concept. This concept is based on the enrichment of different bacterial aggregations into a compact granule, optimizing synergistic and syntrophic bacterial processes by reducing the diffusion distance of substrates between the different bacterial consortia forming the granule. The following study examined the: 1) granular formation; and 2) nitrate removal capacity of a marine Upflow Anoxic Sludge Bed (UASB) reactor operating at different up-flow velocities (0.40–2.11 m/h). The results showed that marine denitrifying granules developed within 27 days using preconditioned rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) organic matter waste, and that the highest specific denitrification rate (321.9 ± 13.1 mg NO₃⁻-N/g Total Volatile Suspended Solids (TVSS)/d) was found at an upflow velocity of 0.97 m/h. The marine UASB denitrifying granule reactor had a total capacity of removing 14.9 kg NO₃⁻-N/m³ reactor volume per day at a hydraulic retention time of 1.9 h, making it a strong candidate for end-of-pipe denitrification of marine RAS effluent as well as for in-line treatment in marine systems.     

Utilization of municipal organic wastes in agriculture: where do we stand,where will we go?

Generation of organic waste is increasing worldwide and strategies for its environmentally sound use must be developed and optimized. Regulations in European countries and the USA differ largely with respect to requirements of organic waste quality and the quantities of pollutants which can be added to the soil. Research has shown beneficial effects regarding the improvement of soil fertility. Enrichment of total metals in soil was attributed to long‐term sludge application but the effect on bioavailability of metals must be further clarified. A number of organic pollutants, such as hydrophobic persistent organic contaminants and surfactants, are known to accumulate in organic wastes. However, the former interact strongly with organic matter in the sludge‐soil‐plant system and systemic plant uptake is generally assumed to be minimal. Surfactants may cause adverse environmental impacts when they enter sewage systems in high loads and accumulate in sludge. Surfactants and some of their metabolites are not readily biodegraded in non‐aerated environments. Due to their toxicity and estrogenic activity, of nonylphenol for example, more research is needed to optimize analytical techniques and to trace their behavior in soil. Some options to cope with the risks of huge amounts of organic waste and also some benefits are presented: (1) further limitation of standards for pollutants and reduced application rates; (2) improved treatment of sewage sludge to reduce the total and bioavailable portions of both heavy metals and organic pollutants; (3) adaptation of waste application rates to soil properties such as sorption capacity for pollutants; (4) harmonization of analytical protocols for organic contaminants, i.e. surfactants and metabolites, enabling a more thorough monitoring of the wastes which are to be applied onto soils.     

含油污泥的堆肥处理对微生物群落结构的影响

采用堆肥方法处理含油污泥,评价堆肥处理对含油污泥中石油烃的去除效果,并采用Biolog方法和构建16SrRNA基因克隆文库的方法对处理过程中微生物碳源利用特征和微生物群落结构进行了研究。结果表明,含油污泥经过90d的堆肥处理,石油烃降解率达53.3%±9.5%,显著高于对照处理。堆肥处理可以显著促进石油烃降解,是一种处理含油污泥的有效措施。Biolog分析结果表明,堆肥处理的孔的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)显著高于对照处理,堆肥处理提高了土壤微生物代谢活性。主成分分析结果表明,对照处理和堆肥处理的微生物碳源利用特征明显不同,堆肥处理改变了含油污泥中微生物的代谢功能特征。对照处理和堆肥处理的16SrRNA基因克隆文库之间存在显著差异,对照处理的优势类群是γ-Proteobacteria,堆肥处理的优势类群是Bacteroidetes,堆肥处理显著改变了含油污泥中的微生物群落结构。Marinobacter和Alcanivorax是对照处理中的优势菌,可能与石油烃的自然降解过程有关,而Pusillimonas和Agrobacterium可能对堆肥处理中石油烃的降解起一定作用。