Dynamic of organic matter in the heavy fraction after abandonment of cultivated wetlands

The abandonment of cultivated wetland soil increased the contents of light fraction organic matter (LFOM), heavy fraction organic matter (HFOM) and soil organic matter (SOM). The LFOM and HFOM content increased to 13.3 g kg⁻¹ and 62.4 g kg⁻¹ after 5 years whereas they were 8.4 and 47.9 g kg⁻¹ after 9 years of cropping, respectively. Fourteen years after abandonment, HFOM content increased to 104.3 g kg⁻¹. LFOM was positively correlated with HFOM (p < 0.001). A Langmuir equation was used to calculate the highest HFOM value. The value for the natural wetland soil was closed to this theoretical value (140.8 g kg⁻¹). After 14 years of abandonment, the HFOM maximum (HFOM_Max) value was lower than the equilibrium value suggesting that a further increase in HFOM can occur after abandonment. Assuming a linear accumulation (3.87 Mg C ha⁻¹yr⁻¹), it would take approximately 24 years after the abandonment to reach the HFOM_Max value.     

外源低分子量有机酸对碳酸钙预处理的酸性土壤中活性铝钙镁影响的研究

通过在所研究的第四纪红黏土发育的红壤中混入CaCO3,研究在pH缓冲体系中外加低分子量有机酸对土壤中Al、Ca和Mg的影响。结果表明:无论加CaCO3与否,在pH 4.5的条件下外源草酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸的加入均使土壤可溶性Al显著提高,交换性Al显著下降和交换性Ca显著升高;加入CaCO3的情况下,3种有机酸处理的交换性Mg均显著提高。3种有机酸促进Al溶解能力的大小顺序为:柠檬酸>草酸>苹果酸,这一结果与有机酸和Al形成络合物的稳定常数大小一致。另一方面,3种有机酸处理下,CaCO3预处理均引起可溶性Al的显著升高和交换性Al的下降。双因素方差分析表明,有机酸通过络合作用或沉淀作用对可溶性和交换性Al、Ca和Mg均具有绝对的影响优势,CaCO3仅对可溶性和交换性Al、交换性Ca有显著影响,由于实验中pH缓冲体系的控制,这种影响主要通过Al与Ca、Mg的竞争交换作用实现。总体来说,外源低分子量有机酸的加入使土壤活性Al显著升高,活性Ca、Mg略有升高,有机酸在酸性土壤中的作用需从有机酸溶解阳离子的角度进一步评价。     

土壤矿物吸附和土壤团聚体对土壤有机碳含量的影响研究

Soil organic carbon (SOC) can act as a sink or source of atmospheric carbon dioxide; therefore, it is important to understand the amount and composition of SOC in terrestrial ecosystems, the spatial variation in SOC, and the underlying mechanisms that stabilize SOC. In this study, density fractionation and acid hydrolysis were used to assess the spatial variation in SOC, the heavy fraction of organic carbon (HFOC), and the resistant organic carbon (ROC) in soils of the southern Hulunbeier region, northeastern China, and to identify the major factors that contribute to this variation. The results showed that as the contents of clay and silt particles (0--50 μm) increased, both methylene blue (MB) adsorption by soil minerals and microaggregate contents increased in the 0--20 and 20--40 cm soil layers (P < 0.05). Although varying with vegetation types, SOC, HFOC, and ROC contents increased significantly with the content of clay and silt particles, MB adsorption by soil minerals, and microaggregate content (P < 0.05), suggesting that soil texture, the MB adsorption by soil minerals and microaggregate abundance might be important factors influencing the spatial heterogeneity of carbon contents in soils of the southern Hulunbeier region.     

Effects of different soil management practices on total P and Olsen-P sediment loss: A field rainfall simulation study

Field rainfall simulations were conducted in 2002 and 2005 to study the effects of different soil management practices on the total phosphorous (TP) and Olsen-P losses by soil erosion and redistribution along a 15 m long slope in Luoyang, Henan province, China. Field plots were set up in 2001 and included the following soil management practices: subsoiling with mulch (SSM), no-till with mulch (NTM), reduced tillage (RT), and a conventional tillage control (CT). The results showed that there were no significant differences in TP and Olsen-P content in the sediment load between different plots after 6 years uniform tillage practices. The enrichment of TP and Olsen-P at the lower slope showed a clear redistribution along the slope. Effects of tillage practices on the temporal pattern of the enrichment ratio (ER) of TP and Olsen-P was not uniform. ER_TP values were initially high and diminished after a short period of time and leveled to the end of the rainfall test in CT and RT plots, but remained ≥ 1. The ER of Olsen-P at the end of rainfall simulation showed a significant difference when compared to the initial stage, 0.78 to 1.60, respectively. However, the temporal loss rate of TP and Olsen-P showed a similar pattern because it was more depending on the sediment loss rate than on the concentration in the sediment. SSM resulted in 96% less TP and Olsen-P erosion loss compared to CT in 2002. Also, SSM showed the highest reduction in TP and Olsen-P loss after 4 years consistent practice. RT reduced TP and Olsen-P loss by 30%, although the runoff reduction was not significant. NTM was the best alternative with respect to TP and Olsen-P conservation, when considering its lower operational costs.     

养殖池塘底泥磷酸酶活性与释磷关系及其调控的研究

以天津市东丽区和西青区2个养殖池塘为对象,采用室内试验方法,研究了底泥中各有机磷组分与上覆水中可溶性磷（DRP）含量、底泥磷酸酶活性与有机磷各组分及上覆水中可溶性磷之间的关系,并采取不同处理对底泥酸性磷酸酶（ACP）和碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性进行调控。结果表明,底泥中活性有机磷（LOP）、中等活性有机磷（MLOP）、中稳性有机磷（MROP）与上覆水中DRP之间呈显著正相关。底泥中ALP与MLOP、MROP之间相关显著,并对其直接影响较大;ACP与MLOP之间相关显著,对其产生的直接影响也很大。A、B两池塘底泥中ALP与上覆水中DRP随时间变化规律基本一致,二者之间呈显著正相关。在养殖水体中加入酶抑制剂和沸石能抑制ALP和ACP活性,并以酶抑制剂加沸石的处理效果最好。     

利用有机质和pH值估算中国西北和东北退耕还林土壤容重

Regression models for predicting soil bulk density (BD) have usually been related to organic matter content,but it remains unknown whether soil acidity modifies this relationship,particularly for afforested/reforested soils.We measured soil BD along with organic matter content and pH in an afforested/reforested area in Northwest and Northeast China.Using these measurements,we parameterized and validated three BD models:the Adams equation,and exponential and radical models.Model validation showed that the Adams equation failed to predict the BD of the afforested/reforested soils,producing a large overestimation.Incorporation of soil pH into the Adams equation significantly improved its performance.The exponential and radical models parameterized by the measured data simulated soil BD quite well,particularly when soil pH was incorporated.However,incorporation of soil texture variables into these models did not improve model performance compared with the pH-modified models.This led to the conclusion that the Adams equation,exponential,and radical models with pH modification are applicable to afforested/reforested soils with various acidities.     

Growing media for horticultural bedding plants yield under agriculture organic systems

The aim of this experiment was to test on-farm growing after composting the mixture of following legume plants Crotalaria juncea, Cajanus cajan, Mucuna aterrima with the grass Sorghum bicolor. The treatments were compared to commercial growing medium (CGM) and CGM+NPK to produce bedding plants of lettuce, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. The nutrient contents in CGM and CGM+NPK were higher than the values found in the mixture of the legumes plants with the grass. The pH was higher in the growing media from legume plants as well as the electrical conductivity in the combination CroSor and CajSor. The water retention capacity was higher in the treatments MucSor and CGM. The chemical attributes indicated that CroSor, CajSor, MucSor and CGM+NPK were better than CGM. The growing media from the mixture of legume with grass are an affordable alternative to produce bedding plants of lettuce, broccoli, kale and cabbage under organic agriculture system.     

Impact of spent coffee grounds as organic amendment on soil fertility and lettuce growth in two Mediterranean agricultural soils

The use of spent coffee grounds (SCG) as organic amendment is a triple solution: a reuse of this bio-residue (6 millions of tons per year), an increase in soil organic carbon (SCG contain 82% of carbohydrates and 13% of proteins) and a decrease in CO₂ emissions into the atmosphere. Thus, we investigate the effect of SCG on soil and plants in an in vitro assay. The variables considered were SCG dose (2.5 and 10%), two agricultural soils (Calcisol and Luvisol), and four cultivation times (15, 30, 45 and 60 days). The chemical and physicochemical soil properties, SEM images and growth parameters were analyzed. The highest dose of SCG increased organic carbon, total N and available K and P by 286%, 188%, 45%, and 9%, respectively, while decreasing lettuce growth by 233% compared to control. The SEM study revealed that SCG particles are incorporated into soil aggregates and microorganisms grow over them, which is also corroborated by a 10-times increase of soil respiration rate. The behavior of both soils differs for some SCG effects. In conclusion, SCG have a great potential to increase soil fertility and further investigations are needed in order to improve the use of SCG as amendment.     

利用小麦秸秆生产木霉分生孢子及其生物有机肥对黄瓜的促生效果

【目的】木霉是重要的植物根际促生功能菌,然而木霉类生物肥料生产的应用基础研究很薄弱。本研究以小麦秸秆为发酵基质,探究哈茨木霉T-E5产分生孢子的固体发酵工艺条件,并验证发酵物作为生物有机肥的促生效果。【方法】在实验室条件下,以小麦秸秆为固体发酵基质,研究固体发酵的不同发酵方式,温度、酸浓度、酸种类、接种量、含水量、外加碳源和氮源等单因子条件下的产孢量;再利用正交试验设计,研究温度、酸浓度、含水量、接种量、外加氮源和碳源的发酵条件优化。利用两季温室盆栽试验测定包括施用化肥、有机肥、发酵物和不同肥料组合的5个不同施肥处理的黄瓜地上部生物量、株高和叶面积。采用稀释涂布法测定黄瓜盆栽根际土中总真菌数量和木霉菌数量。【结果】单因素条件优化:基质用稀硝酸 (0.1 mol/L) 调节酸度值后接种3%(v/w) 的1 × 107个/mL的T-E5孢子液,调节水分使初始含水量达到75%;在此条件下,添加尿素和玉米粉,在28℃下发酵培养8天,最大产孢量可达到8.87 × 109个/g。通过正交优化,每10 g小麦秸秆,加入调节酸度值的0.05 mol/L硝酸18.3 mL,含水量70%(湿基),接种量9%,添加尿素的量为1%,30℃浅盘培养8天,产孢量达到1.1 × 1010个/g。第1季盆栽试验结果表明,与单施化肥处理 (CCK) 相比,发酵产物与化肥配施 (CT) 使黄瓜的地上部分生物量、株高和叶面积分别提高14.97%、16.75%和14.64%;与单施有机肥处理 (OCK) 相比,发酵产物与有机肥配施 (OT) 使黄瓜的地上部分生物量、株高和叶面积分别提高10.62%、26.06%和9.53%。第2季盆栽也有类似的促生效果,与CCK相比,CT使上述指标分别提高12.83%、11.49%和26.93%;与OCK相比,OT使上述指标分别提高5.96%、34.29%和18.01%。两季盆栽添加木霉发酵物的处理中根际土总真菌数和木霉菌数量相比CCK、OCK和不施肥照 (CK) 均增加1个数量级以上。【结论】以小麦秸秆为主要原料,采用固体发酵工艺可生产高分生孢子含量的哈茨木霉菌剂及其生物有机肥,表明利用农业废弃物生产高附加值的木霉菌剂及其生物有机肥具有可行性。但木霉孢子数量主要受发酵条件影响,今后应在中试和工厂化生产水平进一步研究木霉孢子固体发酵的工艺参数。