规模养殖场畜禽粪污处理和资源化利用

畜牧作为推动农业发展的动力,可促进其发展现代化农业,提高农民收入。但是,随着畜牧业发展,加剧粪污污染问题,应加强粪污处理及资源化利用,以达到保护环境的目的。该文主要从畜禽粪污处理和资源化利用重要性切入,分析目前粪污处理与资源化利用方式,提出相应保障措施,进而推动畜牧业实现绿色发展。     

Influence of organic amendments on dissipation kinetics of two different pesticides in soil: a case study

A study was undertaken to investigate the remedial effect of some soil amendments (farmyard manure (FYM), press mud compost (PMC), cereal straw (CS) at 5 t ha^?1 and fresh cow dung slurry (FCD) @ 0.5 t ha^?1) on dissipation kinetics of imidacloprid and sulfosulfuron under laboratory conditions. Incorporation of CS or FCD was found to be most effective in degrading both the pesticides at faster rates. Dissipation of both the pesticides could be well accounted by two component (1 + 1) first order kinetics. The computed values of parameters revealed that use of organic amendments increased the dissipated fraction of imidacloprid and sulfosulfuron. Incorporation of CS or FCD in soil maintained relatively higher dissipation rate constants for both faster and slower dissipation processes of pesticides in comparison to control. Hence, eco-friendly practices of CS or FCD incorporation as soil amendment in soil can play a vital role in preventing soil and water pollution.     

太湖地区稻田不同氮肥管理模式下氨挥发特征研究

以减少氨挥发带来的面源污染问题为目的,通过调整氮肥管理模式, 设置农户常规施肥处理、化肥减量施肥处理、缓控释肥处理、有机无机肥配施处理、按需施肥处理以及无氮处理6个管理模式试验,研究太湖地区施氮量与氮肥品种对氨挥发损失的影响。结果表明：氨挥发损失受施氮量的显著影响,施氮量减少22%~44%可降低氨挥发损失20.2%~35.3%。常规化肥处理下,基肥期与分蘖肥期氨挥发损失较为严重。同一施氮水平下,有机肥化肥配施可显著降低氨挥发;缓控释肥可明显减少基肥期氨挥发量,但后期效果不明显。氮肥用量由当前农户施氮水平减少22%时,不会对作物氮累积量与产量造成影响,可见适当降低施氮水平并搭配有机肥,是具产量可持续性及环境友好性的氮肥管理模式。     

井冈山及周边地区有机农业的发展

有机农业是新世纪世界农业发展的重要方向之一,也是中国新时期农业发展的重要模式之一。井冈山及周边地区（包括井冈山市和莲花县、永新县、泰和县、遂川县、炎陵县、茶陵县）具有得天独厚的自然条件和生态环境优势,适宜发展有机农业。在对井冈山及周边地区发展有机农业的优势进行分析的基础上,以遂川县有机茶为例,重点分析了发展有机农业取得的实际成效;接着,指出了井冈山及周边地区发展有机农业存在的主要问题;最后,提出了该地区新世纪新时期发展有机农业的对策和措施。全文对山区有机农业的发展具有一定的指导意义和参考价值。     

Soil organic matter and related physical properties in a Mediterranean wheat-based rotation trial

Under semi-arid Mediterranean conditions, limited moisture is the main constraint to rainfed cropping with wheat (Triticum aestivum), barley (Hordeum vulgare), and food and forage legumes. With increasing land-use pressure, moisture-conserving fallowing is being replaced by continuous cropping, which is considered an unsustainable practice. Thus, a long-term trial with durum wheat (T. turgidum var. durum) was established in 1983 at Tel Hadya, Aleppo, Syria (mean annual rainfall 330 mm) to assess alternative rotation options to fallow and continuous cropping. Nitrogen (N) and grazing/residue management were secondary factors. Soil aggregation, infiltration, hydraulic conductivity, and total soil organic matter and component fractions (fulvic and humic acids and polysaccharides) were determined at the end of 12 years. Some rotations, e.g., medic (Medicago sativa) and vetch (Vicia faba), significantly increased soil organic matter (12.5–13.8 g kg⁻¹ versus 10.9–11 g kg⁻¹ for continuous wheat and wheat/fallow). All measurements, or indices, indicated parallel trends with increasing organic matter, e.g., coefficients of macro-structure, micro-aggregation, and water-stable aggregates, and decreasing dispersion. Similarly, legume rotations had higher infiltration rates (16.2–21.8 cm h⁻¹ versus 13.9–14.4 cm h⁻¹ with continuous wheat and wheat/fallow) and hydraulic conductivity rates (8.7–12.4 cm h⁻¹ versus 6.2–7.4 cm h⁻¹ with continuous wheat and wheat/fallow). We conclude that cereal/legume rotations, in addition to being biologically and economically attractive, also enhance soil quality and thus promote soil use sustainability in fragile semi-arid areas as in the Mediterranean zone.     

Long-term organic phosphorus mineralization in Spodosols under forests and its relation to carbon and nitrogen mineralization

In forest soils where a large fraction of total phosphorus (P) is in organic forms, soil micro-organisms play a major role in the P cycle and plant availability since they mediate organic P transformations. However, the correct assessment of organic P mineralization is usually a challenging task because mineralized P is rapidly sorbed and most mineralization fluxes are very weak. The objectives of the present work were to quantify in five forest Spodosols at soil depths of 0-15 cm net mineralization of total organic P and the resulting increase in plant available inorganic P and to verify whether net or gross P mineralization could be estimated using the C or N mineralization rates. Net mineralization of total organic P was derived from the net changes in microbial P and gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. We studied very low P-sorbing soils enabling us to use lower extractants to assess the change in total inorganic P as a result of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter. In addition, to enable detection of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter, a long-term incubation (517 days) experiment was carried out. At the beginning of the experiment, total P contents of the soils were very low (19-51 μg g⁻¹) and were essentially present as organic P (17-44 μg g⁻¹, 85-91%) or microbial P (6-14 μg g⁻¹; 24-39%). Conversely, the initial contents of inorganic P were low (2-7 μg g⁻¹; 9-15%). The net changes in the pool size of microbial P during the 517 days of incubation (4-8 μg g⁻¹) and the amounts of P resulting from gross mineralization of dead soil organic matter (0.001-0.018 μg g⁻¹ day⁻¹; 0.4-9.5 μg g⁻¹ for the entire incubation period) were considerable compared to the initial amounts of organic P and also when compared to the initial diffusive iP fraction (<0.3 μg g⁻¹). Diffusive iP corresponds to the phosphate ions that can be transferred from the solid constituents to the soil solution under a gradient of concentration. Net mineralization of organic P induced an important increase in iP in soil solution (0.6-10 μg g⁻¹; 600-5000% increase) and lower increases in diffusive iP fractions (0.3-5 μg g⁻¹; 300-2000% increase), soil solid constituents having an extremely low reactivity relative to iP. Therefore, soil micro-organisms and organic P transformations play a major role in the bioavailability of P in these forest soils. In our study, the dead soil organic matter was defined as a recalcitrant organic fraction. Probably because gross mineralization of P from this recalcitrant organic fraction was mainly driven by the micro-organisms’ needs for energy, the rates of gross mineralization of C, N and P in the recalcitrant organic fraction were similar. Indirect estimation of gross mineralization of P in dead soil organic matter using the gross C mineralization rate seems thus an alternative method for the studied soils. However, additional studies are needed to verify this alternative method in other soils. No relationships were found between microbial P release and microbial C and N releases.     

The role of agroforestry in the farming systems in Rwanda with special reference to the Bugesera-Gisaka-Migongo (BGM) region

The Rwandan farmers, faced with a perpetual land shortage, have evolved certain intensive systems of organic agriculture. These systems, particularly the homestead (compound) farming, involve the combination of food, fodder and tree crops. to a certain extent these systems can satisfy the multiple needs of the subsistence farmers living under several risks and constraints. However, they cannot cope with the expanding food demand of the rapidly increasing population. Some multipurpose, low-input technologies and agroforestry approaches have been designed to improve the productivity of these traditional systems; these include inter/mixed cropping systems and rotations, alley cropping with leguminous trees and shrubs, use of planted fallow, planting tree legumes on anti-erosive lines, mixed farming,community forestry and woodlots, and tree planting on farm/field boundaries. The essential aspects of these technologies are briefly discussed.ISAR-IITA FSR PROJECT, B.P. 629, Kigali RwandaISAR-Swiss Intercooperation, c/o Forestry Department, B.P. 617, Butare, Rwanda     

马尾松天然林土壤碳氮磷含量与碳密度的关系

基于江西中部马尾松天然林不同生长阶段土壤性质测定,探讨其不同林龄土壤碳密度及其垂直分布规律,分析不同土层土壤有机碳密度与土壤碳氮磷含量之间的关系。结果表明:各龄组土壤有机碳和全氮含量均随土层的加深而降低,且表层（0~10 cm）含量显著高于其他各层,各土层间全磷含量无显著性差异;土壤有机碳密度整体上呈随土层深度的增加而降低的趋势,平均有机碳密度为10.09 kg·m^-2,主要分布在0~50 cm;土壤有机碳密度与土壤碳氮磷含量之间相关性在表层均达显著水平（p<0.05）。     

辽河源自然保护区不同林龄山杨天然次生林的土壤有机碳特征

【目的】明确辽河源自然保护区不同林龄山杨天然次生林(Populus davidiana)0~100cm土层的土壤有机碳密度及其垂直分配特征,为评价其碳汇功能提供依据。【方法】以河北辽河源自然保护区山杨中龄林、近熟林、成熟林为研究对象,采集了27个土壤剖面(0~100cm土层)的土壤样品,对土壤体积质量、土壤有机碳含量进行测定,计算土壤有机碳密度,并对土壤有机碳含量与其他土壤理化指标的关系进行分析。【结果】辽河源自然保护区不同林龄山杨天然次生林土壤的体积质量为1.07~1.69g/cm3,且随着土层深度的增加呈逐渐增加趋势。不同林龄山杨天然次生林的土壤有机碳含量均随着土层深度的增加而降低,中龄林、近熟林和成熟林3种林龄山杨林土壤有机碳含量为1.53~17.59g/kg。0~100cm土层土壤有机碳密度平均值为15.31t/hm2,相同林龄不同土层土壤有机碳密度平均值随着土层深度的增加呈先降低后增加再降低的变化趋势。相关性分析表明,3种林龄整个土壤剖面土壤有机碳含量与土壤全N、全P含量均呈极显著正相关,与土壤pH呈正相关;中龄林、近熟林土壤有机碳含量与土壤体积质量、土壤全K含量均呈极显著负相关,与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关;成熟林土壤有机碳含量与土壤体积质量、土壤全K含量存在负相关关系,而与土壤含水量存在一定的正相关关系。【结论】辽河源自然保护区不同林龄山杨天然次生林0~10cm土层土壤有机碳密度从大到小依次为近熟林中龄林成熟林,10~20cm土层为近熟林成熟林中龄林,20~100cm土层则表现为成熟林中龄林近熟林。     

农业废弃物堆腐过程中氧化还原酶活性的变化

【目的】从酶学角度揭示好氧发酵的生物机理。【方法】选择在目前我国数量多、分布广的有机固体废弃物鸡粪和小麦秸秆及花椒籽粕为主要材料,采用堆腐装置,以未添加复合微生物菌剂作为对照(CK),研究复合微生物菌剂(加菌剂处理)对农业废弃物静态高温堆腐过程中氧化还原酶(过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶)活性的影响。【结果】加菌剂处理和CK的过氧化氢酶活性分别在堆腐3和4 d达到峰值(1 705和1 697 mL/g);加菌剂处理和CK的脱氢酶活性分别在堆腐10和12 d达最大值(8.39和6.57μL/g);加菌剂处理和CK的多酚氧化酶活性分别在堆腐18和32 d达峰值(7.33和6.65 mg/g)。从堆腐的整个过程看,随着堆腐时间的延长,加菌剂处理的过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性上升较快,而且这3种酶活性的最大值均比CK高。【结论】添加复合微生物菌剂可以提高堆腐过程中氧化还原酶活性,使酶活性峰值出现的时间提前,对堆腐过程中的物质分解具有促进作用。