水杨酸诱导水稻幼苗抗瘟性的生化机制

 以0.01mM水杨酸(SA)喷雾处理或稻瘟菌孢子悬浮液接种稻苗后,叶片中苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)和定位于细胞不同部位的过氧化物酶(POD),特别是与细胞壁结合的POD和细胞间隙POD的活性迅速升高,但没有明显的新POD同功酶带出现。同时叶片中木质素含量迅速增加。在SA处理后的稻叶中提取到能抑制稻瘟菌分生孢子萌发、含有Momilactone A的抑菌物质,并检测到分子量分别为48、52、59、106.5KDa的碱性病程相关蛋白(PRs)。这些生化指标的时序变化与SA诱导抗瘟性的表现相吻合。对SA诱导水稻幼苗抗瘟性的可能生化机理作了归纳。     

拟南芥霜霉病抗性分子机制研究进展

随着近年分子生物学技术的发展与应用,植物霜霉病抗性的研究有了长足的进展。本文就拟南芥抗霜霉病基因的克隆与结构分析,抗病信号传导,防卫反应和系统获得抗性,以及寄主-寄生菌共进化冲突方面进行了综述,并就今后的研究进行了展望。     

番茄资源对叶霉病的抗性鉴定和SSR标记遗传变异分析

 对62份番茄种质资源进行了抗番茄叶霉病鉴定, 共筛选出抗病材料17份, 其中对全部生理小种(1.2.3、1.2、2.3、1.2.3.4、1.2.4)均表现抗病或免疫的材料9份;抗3个生理小种的材料4份;抗2个生理小种的材料2份;抗4个生理小种的材料2份。并应用SSR标记技术对62份种质资源进行了遗传多样性分析, 50对SSR引物中筛选出11对多态性明显、条带清晰、反应稳定的引物, 共扩增出94条谱带, 平均每个引物扩增出8.55条带, 多态性条带比例达63.94%, 遗传相似系数在0~1之间, 表现出丰富的遗传多态性, 可将番茄野生种和栽培种分开, 反映了种间的遗传差异。     

Challenges facing arthropod biological control: identifying traits for genetic improvement of predators in protected crops

Biological control is an efficient pest control method but there are still limitations that are hindering its wider adoption. Genetic improvement of biological control agents (BCAs) can help to overcome these constraints, but the choice of key attributes for better performance that need to be selected is still an open question. Several characteristics have been suggested but the harsh reality is that selective breeding of BCAs has received a lot of attention but resulted in very little progress. Identifying the appropriate traits to be prioritized may be the first step to reverse this situation. In our opinion, the best way is to look at the factors limiting the performance of key BCAs, especially generalist predators (pesticide compatibility, prey‐density dependence, non‐suitable crops, and extreme environmental conditions), and according to these challenges, to choose the attributes that would allow BCAs to overcome those limitations. The benefits of selection for higher resistance to toxins, whether artificially applied (pesticides) or plant produced (plant defenses); increased fitness when feeding on non‐prey food (supplemented or plant‐derived); and better adaptation to extreme temperature and humidity are discussed. In conclusion, genetic improvement of BCAs can bring about new opportunities to biocontrol industry and users to enhance biocontrol resilience. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

猪殃殃对AHAS抑制剂靶标抗性的快速分子检测

为建立猪殃殃靶标抗性快速检测方法,并明确小麦田猪殃殃Galium aparine var.tenerum对AHAS抑制剂靶标的突变类型及分布,从河南、陕西、安徽、江苏和山东5省不同田块采集疑似对AHAS抑制剂产生抗性的猪殃殃植株,采用特异性引物PCR扩增靶标酶AHAS基因保守区片段,并以直接测序法检测采集样品,通过与拟南芥AHAS基因序列比对分析后明确其突变位点。结果显示,在5省25个农田的样品中共有19个农田检测到AHAS突变,分布在河南、安徽和江苏3省;在检测样品中发现突变发生在2个位点,共有3种突变类型,分别是197位脯氨酸(CCC)突变为丙氨酸(GCC)或丝氨酸(TCC),或者是574位色氨酸(TGG)突变为亮氨酸(TTG),检测结果与田间药效反应基本一致。这种用特异性引物扩增目的片段测序的方法,由于其可以在生长当季进行检测,适用于田间靶标突变抗性猪殃殃的快速检测与监测。     

The use of Verticillium dahliae and Diplodia scrobiculata to induce resistance in Pinus halepensis against Diplodia pinea infection

The pathogenic fungi Verticillium alboatrum and Diplodia scrobiculata were assayed for biological control of Diplodia pinea on Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain). Young shoots were pre-treated with inoculations of either V. dahliae or D. scrobiculata, by placing colonized agar plugs on wounds made by removing a single needle fascicle. An inoculation with D. pinea was performed 15 days later. Two months after the shoot inoculations, the canker length on the stems was measured and the percentage of shoot dieback calculated. Verticillium dahliae and D. scrobiculata were found to significantly reduce the canker length of D. pinea (P < 0.05) when compared with positive controls. Diplodia pinea was slightly more sensitive to V. dahliae than to D. scrobiculata, but no significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the mean canker length between the two treatments. Trees pre-inoculated with V. dahliae resulted in 31.12% shoot dieback, while those pre-inoculated with D. scrobiculata resulted in 32.18% shoot dieback, compared with positive controls (42.85%).     

山西省苹果园山楂叶螨对5种杀虫剂抗药性监测

为了明确山西省苹果园山楂叶螨(Amphitetranychus viennensis Zacher)对化学杀虫剂的抗性现状及发展趋势,本文采用玻片浸渍法建立了山楂叶螨相对敏感种群对5种杀虫剂的敏感基线,连续3年(2013-2015年)监测了采自山西省苹果主产区运城苹果园的山楂叶螨对5种杀虫剂的抗性水平及变化动态。监测结果表明:田间监测种群对阿维菌素和三唑锡均处于敏感性下降及低水平抗性阶段,对哒螨灵和噻螨酮的抗性由低水平抗性升至中等水平抗性,对炔螨特处于低水平抗性。田间防治山楂叶螨时,哒螨灵与噻螨酮应淘汰不再使用,阿维菌素、三唑锡、炔螨特则应注意减少用药量及轮换用药,以延缓产生更高水平的抗药性。     

玉米抗粗缩病遗传及分子标记研究

Maize rough dwarf disease caused by Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is transmitted by planthopper in China. Identification and development of resistant hybrids are complicated because of the inconsistencies in viral disease pressure every year. Marker-assisted selection can provide means for main-taining virus resistance alleles even in the absence of disease. In this paper a F₂ segregation population was constructed to identity the molecular markers linked to the resistance gene using a cross between a resistant and a susceptible parents (Qi319×Ye107). Fifteen-day-old seedlings of F₂ population were exposed to small brown planthoppers carrying RBSDV for 3 days in specific inoculation chamber. The inoculated plants were transplanted to screenhouse after removing the insects completely. In plant maturity stage the disease resistance of all the individuals were visually assessed. The results showed that 17, 8, 11, 51 and 122 plants were scaled from 0-4 respectively, in which 0 means no symptoms and 4 represents highly susceptible. Chi-square test demonstrated that the segregation ratio of phenotype was 1∶15 (resistant: susceptible) or 1∶6∶9 (resistant∶moderate∶susceptible) in the F₂ population, indicating RBSDV resistance of maize was controlled by two recessive genes. The F₂ individuals DNA were extracted and 261 SSR (simple sequence repeat) primers derived from maize genome ten chromosomes were selected from maize GDB database to construct genetic linkage map. The linkage map consisted of 71 polymorphic SSR markers, spanning a genetic distance of 996.6 cM with an average interval of 14.0 cM between adjacent markers. The resistant and susceptible gene pools were set up for BSA (bulked segregant analysis) and 6 polymorphism markers were obtained with BSA-SSR method between the two pools. The F₂individuals were further analyzed with 6 polymorphism markers. Chi-square test showed that phi 051, umc1407 and umc1432, mapped on chromosome 7 and 10, exhibited segregation distortion significantly and very significantly in susceptible individuals. These three SSR markers were identified as potential markers linked to the resistant loci.     

甘肃省南瓜白粉病菌对己唑醇抗性诱导及抗性菌株生物学性状研究

为了解甘肃省裸仁美洲南瓜白粉菌对己唑醇敏感性及抗性产生情况,采用小株喷雾法对采自兰州、武威、景泰等地的20个南瓜白粉菌菌株对己唑醇的敏感性进行了测定,利用紫外诱导、药剂驯化、先紫外后药剂驯化三种方法对敏感菌株进行了抗药性诱导,并对抗性突变菌株的生物学性状及其对丙环唑、氟硅唑、腈菌唑和戊唑醇的交互抗性进行了研究。结果表明20个南瓜白粉菌菌株对己唑醇的敏感性存在一定差异,EC50值在17.77~285.54μg/mL范围内;与其他两种诱导方法相比药剂驯化方法获得的抗性突变菌株的抗性倍数最高,为8.94倍。敏感菌株和抗性突变菌株孢子萌发的最佳时间分别为36h和48h;抗性突变菌株产孢量和致病力明显高于敏感菌株;适合度测定表明抗性突变菌株与敏感菌株之间存在竞争力,孢子萌发率、芽管个数之间差异显著,菌丝分支数、产孢量之间差异不显著;抗性突变菌株在抗性突变菌株和敏感菌株混合比例为80∶20的群体中,存在频率比较稳定,连续培养7代后仍占85.69%;己唑醇抗性突变菌株对丙环唑、氟硅唑、腈菌唑和戊唑醇4种药剂未表现出交互抗性。研究结果可为甘肃省防治南瓜白粉病提供理论依据。     

抗旱救灾农作制度的建立

在分析甘肃省中东部黄土高原旱作区当前干旱灾害和农业生产现状的基础上,进一步分析了干旱灾害和农业生产模式以及二者的互作效应对农田系统抵御干旱灾害能力的影响.认为抗旱减灾农作制度必须以科学轮作的作物体系、耕地质量保育和自然降水高效利用的栽培技术体系为支撑点.只有建立基于多样化的作物体系、秸秆还田、科学轮作、垄沟种植、二元覆盖和少免耕技术的农作制度,协调农田生产和生态之间的关系,才能够实现甘肃省中东部黄土高原旱作农田水土资源的可持续利用,达到抗旱救灾和农田生产力持续提高的目标.