潍坊萝卜中芜菁花叶病毒分离物的分子特性及CP基因的表达

 从表现红心病的潍坊萝卜块根上得到一芜菁花叶病毒( Turnip m osaic virus, TuMV) 分离物(TuMV-Ra) , 通过RT-PCR获得了该分离物的外壳蛋白(CP) 基因, 对其进行了序列测定, 并将其核苷酸序列及推导出的氨基酸序列与GenBank中登录的其它20个TuMV萝卜分离物的相应序列进行比较和分析。结果表明, TuMV-Ra与这20个分离物CP基因核苷酸序列的同源性为89.9% ～99.0% , CP氨基酸序列同源性为94.8%～99.7%; 其中与中国浙江杭州萝卜的两个分离物HZLB1、HZLB2同源性最高, 核苷酸序列的同源性为98.7%和99.0% , 氨基酸序列同源性为99.0%和99.7%。TuMV-Ra与1999年从表现相同症状的潍坊萝卜得到的分离物CHINA-WF CP基因核苷酸同源性为93.66% , 氨基酸同源性为96.53% , 说明病毒发生了比较大的变异, 而且变异的位点主要在CP的N末端。将TuMV-Ra CP基因克隆到原核表达载体pET-22b ( + ) , 在大肠杆菌BL21 (DE3) 中表达出分子量为38 kD的融合蛋白。Western blotting分析证明TuMV-Ra CP在大肠杆菌中得到了正确表达。     

Successful drug development despite adverse preclinical findings part 1: processes to address issues and most important findings

Unexpected adverse preclinical findings (APFs) are not infrequently encountered during drug development. Such APFs can be functional disturbances such as QT prolongation, morphological toxicity or carcinogenicity. The latter is of particular concern in conjunction with equivocal genotoxicity results. The toxicologic pathologist plays an important role in recognizing these effects, in helping to characterize them, to evaluate their risk for man, and in proposing measures to mitigate the risk particularly in early clinical trials. A careful scientific evaluation is crucial while termination of the development of a potentially useful drug must be avoided. This first part of the review discusses processes to address unexpected APFs and provides an overview over typical APFs in particular classes of drugs. If the mode of action (MoA) by which a drug candidate produces an APF is known, this supports evaluation of its relevance for humans. Tailor-made mechanistic studies, when needed, must be planned carefully to test one or several hypotheses regarding the potential MoA and to provide further data for risk evaluation. Safety considerations are based on exposure at no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAEL) of the most sensitive and relevant animal species and guide dose escalation in clinical trials. The availability of early markers of toxicity for monitoring of humans adds further safety to clinical studies. Risk evaluation is concluded by a weight of evidence analysis (WoE) with an array of parameters including drug use, medical need and alternatives on the market. In the second part of this review relevant examples of APFs will be discussed in more detail.     

果梅PmKNAT2基因全长cDNA克隆及表达分析

【目的】从‘大嵌蒂’果梅中克隆PmKNAT2,并对其结构特征及表达模式进行分析,为研究果梅雌蕊败育的分子机理和分子育种奠定基础。【方法】在NCBI中查找与果梅相似性很高的桃KNOPE2（KNAT2的同源基因）序列（EF093491）,根据桃的KNOPE2序列设计特异引物;采用改良CTAB法提取‘大嵌蒂’果梅花芽总RNA;通过RT-PCR和RACE技术获得基因cDNA序列全长;使用DNAMAN软件进行序列拼接;利用NCBI数据库中的BLASTn和BLASTp程序进行相似性分析;通过生物信息学方法分析结构特征;用DNAMAN软件分析基因的ORF和氨基酸序列;MEGA4.0软件进行系统进化树的构建;利用Bioxm2.6推测分析蛋白分子量和等电点;根据NCBI中Conserved Domains程序进行蛋白质保守域结构预测;用ExPaSy提供的在线SOPMA程序进行蛋白质二级结构预测;构建PJIT166-PmKNAT2-GFP的融合亚细胞定位表达载体,采用基因枪法转化洋葱表皮细胞,经暗培养后在激光共聚焦显微镜下观察;利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR研究其表达模式,分析其在‘大嵌蒂’花芽发育不同时期、不同器官中的表达特性。【结果】在‘大嵌蒂’果梅中获得一个KNAT2的同源基因,命名为PmKNAT2,其cDNA全长为1 402 bp,5'UTR 47 bp,3'UTR 293 bp,编码区全长为1 062 bp,编码353个氨基酸,预测蛋白质分子量为40.41 kD,理论等电点为4.85。蛋白结构分析表明该基因编码的氨基酸具有2个结构域,MEINOX结构域（KNOXⅠ和KNOXⅡ 2个亚结构域）和HD（homomeodomain）结构域,属于KNOX蛋白;相似性分析发现该基因与GenBank中其它来源的KNOX蛋白序列的相似性为50%-100%;系统进化树分析显示果梅PmKNAT2与桃KNOX聚为一类,表明与其亲缘关系最近。二级结构预测结果表明PmKNAT2所编码蛋白由47.14%的α-螺旋（Alpha helix）、3.43%的β-转角（Beta turn）、3.14的β-折叠（Extended strand ）和46.29%的随机卷曲（Random coil）组成。亚细胞定位结果显示该基因编码的蛋白定位于细胞核和细胞膜中。实时荧光定量RT-PCR分析表明,在‘大嵌蒂’果梅不同时期花芽中PmKNAT2的表达量存在一定差异,PmKNAT2在11月份的表达量最高,9月、10月和11月的表达量差异不明显,但与12月和1月花芽中的表达量差异明显;生长素在1月份含量最高,9、10、11月份差异不明显,其含量变化趋势与PmKNAT2表达趋势相反。对该基因表达量最高的11月份的花芽进行实时荧光定量分析发现：PmKNAT2在各种花芽中均有表达,在不完全花（雌蕊褐色、雌蕊畸形和无雌蕊）中的表达量高于完全花（雌蕊正常）。进一步分析PmKNAT2在完全花与不完全花的不同花器官中的表达量,结果表明PmKNAT2在完全花与不完全花的各部位的表达量趋势相似均为：萼片>雄蕊>花瓣,在完全花雌蕊中的表达量最低。【结论】推测PmKNAT2在雌蕊发育阶段的异常表达可能与‘大嵌蒂’果梅雌蕊败育有关。     

漆酶催化活性中心结构及其特性研究进展

漆酶是一种多酚氧化酶，参与木质素的降解或聚合，具有氧化木质素的能力，但不同来源的漆酶其氧化降解木质素的能力相差很大。漆酶的结构决定了漆酶的特性，因而也就决定了漆酶氧化降解木质素的能力。本文综述了近10年来漆酶分子催化活性中心的结构与功能及其特性的研究进展。     

Three-component synthesis and characterization of 2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(piperidin-1-yl)-3,5-dicarbonitrile pyridine

Novel 2-amino-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(piperidin-1-yl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile is synthesized using malononitrile, 4-methoxybenzaldehyde and piperidine as starting material in methanol by one-spot. The yield is 40% with three-component reaction at room temperature. The structure is confirmed by 1H NMR, MS and X-ray single crystal diffraction.     

The fractal characterization of pore structure for some numerical rocks and prediction of permeabilities

This paper uses the fractal theory of pore structures for porous media to study the fractal characterization of pore structure for nine numerical rocks. The results show that the fractal dimension of solid phase is usually greater than the pore fractal dimension, and its fractal scaling regions is less than the one of pore phase. This indicates that the numerical rock is an approximate two-phase fractal porous media. The porosities, volume fractions and permeabilities of nine numerical rocks are predicted. The results show that the fractal theory about pore structures of numerical rocks is effective in describing the porosity and permeability. Moreover, it seems to be more effective for solid phase in approximate two-phase fractal porous media. When predicting permeability using the fractal theory, it is very important to accurately determine the maximum pore size and the range of statistical self-similarity. By comparing the two kinds of predicted permeabilities,it is found that the FT method used by this paper is more accurate, more general and less computational cost than the PNEM method which has been worldwide used.     

Detection and characterization of a rhabdovirus causing mortality in black bullhead catfish,Ameiurus melas

This study fully describes a severe disease outbreak occurred in 2016 in black bullhead catfish farmed in Italy. Affected fish showed nervous clinical signs as well as emaciations and haemorrhagic petechiae on the skin at the fin bases, abdomen and gills. Viral isolation in cell culture allowed the subsequent identification of a rhabdovirus, tentatively named ictalurid rhabdovirus (IcRV), through electron microscopy, immunofluorescence and whole genome sequencing (WGS). The newly isolated virus, together with 14 additional viral strains stored in our repository and detected during similar mortality episodes in the period 1993–2016, was phylogenetically analysed on the basis of the nucleoprotein and the glycoprotein nucleotide and amino acid sequences. The genetic distances among Italian IcRV strains were also estimated. Our results show that all the IcRV strains belong to the genus Sprivivirus and are closely related to the tench rhabdovirus (TenRV). Italian catfish production is constantly decreasing, mainly due to viral infections, which include the newly characterized IcRV. Data presented in this work will assist to investigate the molecular epidemiology and the diffusive dynamics of this virus and to develop adequate surveillance activities.     

Nutritional Contribution of Biofloc within the Diet of Growout and Broodstock of Litopenaeus vannamei,Determined by Stable Isotopes and Fatty Acids

The relative contributions of feed sources were determined through the isotopic signal (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) and fatty acid profile of feed items, shrimp muscle, and eggs of Litopenaeus vannamei reared in a biofloc system. In the growout phase, the isotope analysis showed the biofloc particle size class ≥250 μm contributed 55–100%; size ≥50 < 250 μm contributed 0–22%; and artificial feed contributed 0–45%. Principal component analysis applied to fatty acid profiles showed that biofloc ≥250 μm and artificial feed were the most important items in shrimp growout. For the egg production, isotope analysis suggested that the most important feed sources according to their relative contributions were polychaetes (0–100%), followed by artemia biomass (0–86%) and semi‐moist feed (0–66%), with lower contributions from squid, mussel, and the muscle of L. vannamei broodstock that had been cultured in biofloc. In terms of fatty acids, the most important items were artemia, polychaetes, and semi‐moist feeds. This work clarified the importance of feed sources for shrimp during culture in biofloc systems and during reproduction. Analysis of stable isotopes and fatty acids can be successfully used to trace the assimilation of nutrients during the nutrition of shrimp.     

卵形鲳鲹脂肪酸延长酶(Elovl4-like)基因特征与功能研究

长链脂肪酸延长酶(elongases of very long chain fatty acids, Elovls)是长链多不饱和脂肪酸(long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid, LC-PUFA)生物合成途径中的关键限速酶,能够延长PUFA的碳链。为探究Elovl4在卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus) PUFA生物合成中的功能,该研究克隆了卵形鲳鲹Elovl4基因的cDNA序列,命名为ToElovl4-like,其开放阅读框(ORF)为792 bp,编码263个氨基酸。生物信息学分析结果表明,编码的氨基酸包含Elovl家族的显著结构特征如组氨酸盒子、多个跨膜区和ER滞留信号等。序列比对结果显示,卵形鲳鲹Elovl4-like基因高度保守,且该基因编码的蛋白序列与其他鱼类的相似度为73%~86%,其中与大西洋鳕(Gadus morhua)的相似度最高(86%)。系统进化分析表明,Elovl4主要聚为Elovl4a、Elovl4b和Elovl4-like 3类。其中ToElovl4-like与其他鱼类的Elovl4-like亲缘关系最近。实时荧光定量PCR表明ToElovl4-like基因在各组织中均有表达,其中在性腺和脾中mRNA表达量最高,在脑中mRNA表达量最低。酵母异源表达分析表明,ToElovl4-like可以分别将亚油酸(18:2n-6)、二十碳五烯酸(20:5n-3)延长为二十碳二烯酸(20:2n-6)和二十二碳五烯酸(22:5n-3)。研究结果为了解鱼类长链多不饱和脂肪酸(LC-PUFA)的生物合成提供了理论基础。