降雨和库水位升降对滑坡的影响

滑坡是三峡库区重要地质灾害之一,影响滑坡稳定性的因素有很多。针对降雨和库水位升降以水泥厂滑坡为例,运用自动化远程监测其变形和该区域降雨量,通过数据整理、分析,掌握降雨和库水位升降对滑坡变形的影响状况。结果表明：在监测期间,个别时间段滑坡变形加剧是降雨和库水位升降共同作用的结果,个别时间段降雨、库水位升降分别为滑坡变形加剧的主导因素,降雨对滑坡变形的影响表现出一定的滞后效应,滞后期一般为7～15d。监测表明,目前滑坡仍处于变形阶段,且向SE方向旋转滑移,但趋势有所减缓。通过对该滑坡的变形监测,可以定量分析和描述滑坡的运动状态,对三峡库区其它类似滑坡的研究具有重要的指导意义。     

基于微波反射法的谷物含水率在线检测装置研制

针对稻麦联合收割机在收获作业时难以对小麦、水稻等谷物的含水率进行准确在线测量的问题,该文基于微波反射法研究了谷物含水率在线检测方法,建立了稻麦含水率检测模型,研发了一种稻麦联合收割机谷物含水率在线检测装置。该装置采用微波测量模块对稻麦含水率进行非接触式测量,设计了电压转换电路将微波参数转换成电压信号,采用滑动平均滤波算法进行信号滤波,最后通过标定试验所建立的含水率检测模型进行稻麦含水率计算,计算结果经CAN总线通讯在显示器上实时显示。基于上述理论研究、技术开发和结构设计对所研制的谷物含水率在线检测装置分别进行了室内静态试验和田间收割试验研究,试验结果表明:检测装置的对稻麦含水率的测量范围为14%～34%,在室内静态试验和田间收割试验中的性能标准差分别为0.458 3%和1.078 0%,相对误差分别在2.5%和5%左右,具有良好的准确性与实用性。     

CO_2浓度、氮素和水分对春小麦碳素固定的影响

试验设350μmolmol-1和700μmolmol-12种CO2浓度水平,湿润、干旱2种水分处理和施N0、50、100、150和200mgkg-15个水平。结果表明,CO2浓度增加,春小麦地上部碳固定量和碳固定总量均增加,但与氮肥施用水平有关。在中氮和高氮时,CO2浓度增高,地上部碳固定量和碳固定总量明显增加,而不施氮肥和低氮时,增加则不明显。不同水分处理地上部碳固定量和碳固定总量也没有明显差别,这表明,CO2浓度升高对氮素和水分胁迫及对春小麦碳固定并没有补偿作用。     

Soil degradation and soil surface process intensities on abandoned fields in Mediterranean mountain environments

The Pyrenean and Pre‐Pyrenean mountain areas have been intensively used at least since roman times, but nowadays depopulation has lead to widespread land abandonment without a steering land‐management. Vegetation recovery is weak in most abandoned fields. Soil formation and characteristics are conditioned by this fact, and for this, soils show past degradation processes and are mostly predominant factors for continuing land degradation or restoration. Three study areas were set up along a climatic gradient with increasing summer water deficit in the sub‐humid zone between the Central Pyrenees and Pre‐Pyrenees. Soil survey combined with experiments for the determination of infiltration, runoff and erosion were applied for understanding the degradation history and the future development of the soils. All areas are dominated by Entisols, but also Inceptisols and Alfisols are found, and even soils with hydromorphic features. The soils show signs of heavy erosion. The parental material determines the nutrient supply and the general chemical properties. All sites show a weak water storing capacity, as a result of the removal of fine material by erosion and due to the depletion of soil organic matter. In addition, infiltration capacity and runoff generation are high within the studied areas, averaging between 27 and 37 per cent. The driest area studied shows an ongoing trend to degradation, with high erosion rates combined with a high degradations status of the soil. The other areas are characterised by a patchy pattern of soil degradation and regradation processes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Changes in Physical Properties of Soils with Land Use Time in the Brazilian Savanna Environment

Soils from central Brazil have been intensively used over the last decades because of the rapid conversion of savannas ( Cerrado ) into corn/soybean fields. The objective of this work is to study modifications in the physical properties of soils in the Rio Verde watershed, as a function of the land use time for agriculture, determined from classification of Landsat satellite images between 1980 and 2010. Soil samples were collected at surface (0–20 cm) and subsurface (20–40 cm) horizons for the different classes of land use time (<10, 10–20, 20–30, and >30 years). The following physical properties were measured: bulk density (BD), air permeability (K_a), penetration resistance (PR), microporosity (MI), macroporosity (MA), and total porosity (TP). Results showed a strong expansion with time of agriculture that occupied 35·3% (1980), 37·4% (1990), 51·3% (2000), and 60·9% (2010) of the watershed area. When properties were compared with those from the reference areas (preserved soils under native vegetation), significant differences were observed for all the physical attributes of soils for a land use time higher than 20 years. Overall, BD and PR increased with land use time, and the opposite was verified for K_a, MA, and TP. Some physical properties presented values (e.g., 1·54 g cm⁻³ for BD and 0.06 cm³ cm⁻³ for MA) close to the critical ones reported to affect crop development, but they were not still impacting on local soybean yield. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

可移动水土流失实验室系统的原理及特点

可移动水土流失实验系统使固定的野外径流小区坡面侵蚀观测转变为车载流动试验观测.实践结果表明,该系统可实时对不同坡度的小区进行人工降雨模拟实验,分析侵蚀土壤理化性质和坡面侵蚀过程,极大地提高了水土流失观测的速度和效率.系统中液压自动升降坡面侵蚀土槽可根据试验要求稳定变化,且坡度可在0°～30°之间任意调整,加快了数据采集速度,缩短了试验周期,数据采集更加方便.针对长江流域土壤侵蚀特点对传统试验土槽做了改进,增加了壤中流收集装置,使得坡面侵蚀试验装置更趋合理.人工模拟降雨试验喷头模拟的雨强范围也明显增加,可在20～170 mm/h之间任意调整.     

自然降雨条件下干化土壤水分恢复试验

土壤干燥化是制约黄土丘陵半干旱地区生态环境可持续发展的瓶颈问题,自然降雨是当地土壤水分补充的唯一来源.为探究自然降雨条件下干化土壤的水分恢复状况,在陕北米脂试验站构建野外10 m深大型地下土柱,2014—2019年间利用CS650-CR1000型土壤水分自动监测系统和BLJW-4小型气象观测站对土壤水分、气象状况进行连...     

砾石含量对土壤可蚀性因子估算的影响研究

砾石（>2 mm）是土壤组成部分之一,其含量对侵蚀产沙有重要影响。在土壤可蚀性因子（K）计算中充分考虑砾石含量的影响,计算所得土壤可蚀性因子会更加准确。利用30弧秒分辨率土壤砾石含量和土壤质地等级等数据,利用文献报道的砾石含量与土壤渗透性和土壤侵蚀关系估算方法,在全球范围内分析估算砾石含量对土壤可蚀性因子的影响。结果表明,（1）土壤剖面中砾石的存在,通过降低土壤入渗速率（土壤渗透性等级增加5.68%）、增加地表径流而使土壤侵蚀增加,进而使全球土壤可蚀性因子增加4.43%;砾石覆盖通过保护土壤免遭雨滴打击和径流冲刷减少侵蚀,在山地、荒漠（沙漠和戈壁）地区,这一影响会使土壤可蚀性值减小约18.7%。考虑土壤剖面砾石含量和表面砾石覆盖综合影响时,土壤可蚀性因子降低5.52%。（2）以砾石影响为主的地区,占全球62.7%,土壤可蚀性因子可降低0.0091( t?hm2?h)?( hm-2?MJ-1?mm-1);以剖面砾石影响为主的地区,占全球的31.1%,土壤可蚀性因子增加0.0019( t?hm2?h)?( hm-2?MJ-1?mm-1)。（3）剖面和表面砾石共同作用使6个样区土壤流失速率减少约11.8%。因此,剖面砾石的存在会增加土壤可蚀性,而表面砾石覆盖会减少土壤可蚀性,综合影响使土壤侵蚀降低。在区域土壤可蚀性制图研究中,应考虑这两个方面的影响,进而提高土壤可蚀性因子的制图精度。     

紫色土和黄壤含水率的室内光谱反演

[目的] 选择西南地区代表性土类紫色土和地带性黄壤,分析其光谱信息,构建土壤水分反演模型,估测土壤含水率,为西南地区土壤水分快速监测提供方法依据。[方法] 通过室内配置紫色土和黄壤不同土壤含水率水平,运用地物光谱仪测量其光谱反射率,比较不同含水率条件下两类土壤的高光谱特征;采用多种数学变换和相关分析法提取特征波段,运用多元逐步回归（SMLR）和BP神经网络（BPNN）分别构建土壤含水率的高光谱估测模型。[结果] ①随土壤含水率的增加,紫色土和黄壤的光谱反射率均逐渐降低;在相同含水率条件下,紫色土的光谱反射率低于黄壤。②土壤含水率对可见光波段（380～760 nm）反射率的影响显著低于红外波段（760～2 500 nm）;均在1 400,1 900,2 200 nm附近存在明显水分吸收谷。③经数学变换的紫色土和黄壤光谱反射率均与土壤含水率存在极强的相关性。④基于BPNN建立的土壤水分反演模型整体优于SMLR模型。[结论] BPNN模型为西南地区紫色土和黄壤土壤含水率光谱反演的最优模型,能够快速准确估测紫色土和黄壤土壤水分状况。     

半干旱区不同整地方式与灌草配置对土壤水分的影响

 采用工程与生物措施相结合的方法,在黄土丘陵半干旱区进行柠条灌木林的建设与土壤水分过耗及调控恢复的定位试验研究。结果表明:生物调控最佳立体配置模式水平阶整地为柠条-披碱草、柠条-草木樨、柠条-芨芨草类型;水平沟整地为柠条-芨芨草、柠条-草木樨类型;鱼鳞坑整地为柠条-草木樨、柠条-芨芨草、柠条-本氏针茅类型。水平阶整地0～500cm土层的土壤含水量比对照提高1.6％～5.0％;水平沟整地提高1.5％～3.0％;鱼鳞坑整地提高1.1％～2.7％。工程整地栽植5年、10年、15年的柠条灌木林0～500cm土层的土壤储水量年生长初期分别比对照提高了82.84mm、56.63mm、210.66mm,年生长终期增加了15.96mm、67.64mm。50.36mm。灌、草生物量分别比对照提高97.09％～104.9％和320％～650％。