EMDI-UF混合胶刨花板制造工艺条件的研究

介绍了东北林业大学人造板研究所在降低人造板游离甲醛释放量的研究成果,利用可乳化异氰酸酯(EMDI)与脲醛树脂(UF)混合胶制造刨花板,使产品达到E1级标准要求。研究结果表明:混合胶的施胶量为7％,采用6％的UF和1％的EMDI是比较适合的比例。将它们混合到一起,不加酸性固化剂,搅拌均匀后喷洒到刨花上,比较适宜的板坯含水率不应超过14％,在175℃下热压4.5min,所粘结的刨花板各项性能都符合GB4897—92—等品和E1级板标准的要求。与UF胶刨花板相比,混合胶刨花板的耐水性得到明显改善,甲醛释放量可降低到7.88mg/100g板。     

Effects of High Pressure on Myofibrillar Protein and Moisture Distribution of Shrimp (Solenocera melantho) Muscle

ABSTRACT

The effects of high pressure (100–500 MPa) treatment on myofibrillar protein (MP) contents and distribution of water in Solenocera melantho muscle were investigated. The results showed that the shrimp treated with 200 MPa had the highest shelling score, and the solubility of MP in meat of shrimp treated with 300 MPa was significantly reduced. Moreover, the surface hydrophobicity of MP increased with increasing pressure. Treatment of shrimp with 200–300 MPa high pressure partially converted the structure of MP from an α-helix structure to a β-sheet structure, allowing for greater exposure of the tryptophan residues present. Treatment of shrimp with 100–200 MPa led to a significant loss in the amount of immobilized water in shrimp muscle. However, the treatment did not significantly change the moisture distribution. Overall, pressures of 100 to 200 MPa are considered the most suitable for the processing of S. melantho.     

Land Equivalent Ratio of Groundnut-Fingermillet Intercrops as Affected by Plant Combination Ratio,and Nitrogen and Water Availability

Abstract

Field experiments were conducted to characterize intercropping advantages in groundnut-fingermillet intercrop in relation to crop combination ratios, soil moisture and nitrogen (N) availability. Three intercrops in 1 : 2, 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 alternating rows of groundnut and fingermillet were examined for their growth and yield in comparison with their respective sole crops in 1996. The effect of well watered (W) and water stressed (D) conditions on the intercropping advantage was also examined for 1 : 1 intercrops in 1995 and 1996. Fertilizer N was applied at the rate of 20 kg ha^?1 in 1995 and 50 kg ha^?1 in 1996. The total above-ground biomass (DM) and its land equivalent ratio (LER) were highest in the 1 : 1 combination ratio. The DM production of intercropped fingermillet was higher in 1996 with higher N than in 1995 with low N application, while those of groundnut were similar in both years. The intercropped groundnut exhibited significantly higher DM production after the fingermillet harvest. The LERs in grain yield were higher in 1996 (1.43 under W and 1.45 under D), than in 1995 (0.87 under W and 1.22 under D). Also, LERs were consistently higher under D than W conditions. Water stress severely reduced the leaf area index (LAI) of fingermillet at a low N, especially in the later stages, whereas higher N alleviated the water stress effect. A close linear relationship was observed between LAI and leaf area (LA) per unit leaf N both for groundnut and fingermillet, with intercrops producing larger LA per unit leaf N than sole crops. Intercropping maintained higher ability in leaf net photosynthesis and transpiration of groundnut up to later stages, and significantly reduced water evaporation from the soil surface under the canopy than sole cropping of fingermillet. These results suggest that three processes associated with the intercropping yield advantages in the groundnut-fingermillet intercrop; 1) higher leaf photosynthesis and vigorous growth of groundnut after the fingermillet harvest, 2) higher LA production per unit N and 3) efficient water use. In conclusion, interspecific shading was considered to be the key mechanism associated with these processes, leading to the intercropping advantages. The degree of the interspecific shade and its effect on growth and yield depended on the available soil N and water.     

Comparison of the influences of vegetation stem parameters on hydraulic variables and sediment transport capacity

The hydraulic variables (Hv) and sediment transport capacity (Tc) of overland flow have changed immensely due to large-scale revegetation. However, research comparing the influences of stem parameters (diameter, cover, and arrangement) on Hv and Tc is limited. The objectives of this study were to explore and compare the influences of stem parameters on Hv and Tc. Data on three treatment groups with varying stem diameters, covers, arrangements, flow discharges and slopes were collected in this study. With increasing stem diameter, Hv and Tc increased; Hv included the Reynolds and Froude numbers, flow velocity (v), shear stress (τ), stream power (Ω), and unit stream power (ω). However, the trend of the Darcy-Weisbach friction coefficient (f) was opposite. Hv and Tc were significantly influenced by stem diameter and cover. The effect of stem diameter on Hv and Tc was greater than the effects of cover and arrangement. Stem cover as a variable could not be used to adequately estimate the Tc when there were various stem diameters. A new exponential equation involving stem cover and stem diameter was demonstrated to be an appropriate predictor of Tc. Stem diameter and arrangement had no obvious influence on the relationship between Tc and v, and v as an indicator could explain the effect of stem parameters on Hv and Tc. This result could illustrate why the variables, including v, were able to predict Tc under vegetation stem and litter cover.     

二阴区旱作莴笋不同时期覆膜保墒增温效果试验

为探索适合旱作区早春保墒增温的最佳覆膜时期,保障旱作蔬菜的生产,结合永登县旱作农业的特点,在红叶莴笋旱作种植区域进行“双垄三沟”秋季覆膜、早春顶凌覆膜、播前覆膜3个不同时期的土壤覆膜试验,分析了不同处理耕层土壤湿度和温度的变化及其对红叶莴笋生长和产量的影响。结果表明：在红叶莴笋播种期,秋季覆膜和顶凌覆膜土壤含水量分别比播前覆膜高出7.7和5.5百分点;在幼苗期,秋季覆膜和顶凌覆膜平均土壤温度分别比播前覆膜提高1.8℃和1.3℃。与播前覆膜相比较,秋季覆膜和顶凌覆膜的红叶莴笋出苗期分别提早4 d和3 d,且出苗整齐、苗壮,产量分别提高13.79%和10.34%。结合二阴地区的实际情况,建议早春采用顶凌覆膜。     

不同土壤水分条件下冬小麦根系分布规律研究

为了探讨不同土壤水分条件下冬小麦根系在土壤深度中的分布规律,为精细化农田灌溉提供技术支撑.采用池栽定量灌溉的方法,在冬小麦的几个主要生长发育期进行0～10 cm,10～20 cm,20～30 cm土壤层次的根系鲜重、干重测定并计算不同层次土壤中的根系占整个根系干重的百分数.结果表明0～10cm土壤中根干重占总重80％以上,10～20cm土壤中根干重占总重10％以上,20～30cm土壤中根干重占总重5％左右.小穗型品种山农20根干重顺序孕穗期是轻度干旱＞水分过量、干旱和适宜水分,开花期是适宜水分＞轻度干旱＞水分过量＞干旱.大穗型品种山农21根干重顺序孕穗期是适宜水分＞水分过量＞轻度干旱＞干旱,开花期是适宜水分＞水分过量＞轻度干旱＞干旱.在干旱型生产上多采用小穗型品种,根系强大,可减轻干旱危害,小麦全生育期生产上以灌溉水为宜.     

晋西旱塬地渗水地膜覆盖玉米试验

在位于晋西南黄土残塬沟壑区的隰县旱地进行了渗水地膜覆盖玉米种植试验。结果表明,与常规地膜覆盖比较,渗水地膜覆盖玉米增产３８．３％,增产效果显著;玉米生育期０－１００ｃｍ土层内土壤含水量平均提高２个百分点,天然降水的水分粮食生产效率达到２３．２５ｋｇ．ｍｍ＾－１．ｈｍ＾－２;当气温在３５℃以下时,渗水地膜与常规微膜具有相同的增温效果,当气温在３５℃以上时,渗水地膜下的增温速度明显减慢,玉米生育期株高     

旱塬地玉米耗水特点及提高水分利用率途径

研究结果表明,农田耗水主要在１m以上土层,玉米对０－５０cm土层的水分利用 率达６０％;玉米农田棵间土壤水分蒸发占农田蒸散的４７．６％－７７．５％,整个生育期棵间蒸发与叶面积指数呈负相关,玉米产量与蒸腾呈正相关;秸秆覆盖可有减少棵间土壤水分蒸发;合理施肥能促进玉米对土壤水分的利用。     

Determination of Moisture Rate of Porous Saline Materials

The high humidity makes the indoor air quality sultry. The porous saline materials can function as efficient humidity conditioner. On the basis of analyzing mass exchange process between porous saline materials and air, the computational method of the moisture exchange rate on the porous saline materials surface is established. A number of methods for enhancing the humidity conditioning of porous saline materials are suggested.     

Pearl Millet Phenology and Growth in Relation to Thermal Time under Arid Environment

Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum L.R.Br.) hybrid MH 179 was grown under two moisture regimes viz., optimal moisture and rainfed conditions. The field experiment was continued for three consecutive rainy seasons to quantify the pearl millet development with thermal time. The possible influence of variation in natural sowing date on the relationships between crop development and thermal time have been described. At cardinal temperatures of 10°C (base temperature below which pearl millet development ceases), 33°C (optimal temperature for development) and 45°C (maximum temperature at and above which no development takes place), the crop required 1490–1794°Cd thermal time to reach physiological maturity. The thermal time requirement for different developmental stages was influenced by the sowing time and moisture availability during the growing season of the crop.
The leaf tip appearance on the main shoot of pearl millet in relation to thermal time was almost linear under both moisture conditions requiring about 44–50°Cd ± 2.6 °Cd leaf⁻¹, till the appearance of the flag (last) leaf. However, leaf tip appearance on primary tillers was slightly slower and required 53-58°Cd ± 4.7°Cd for each new leaf. Appearance of first primary tiller was later (at 320°Cd after emergence) under the rainfed condition as compared to the crop under the optimal moisture (at 250°Cd).Thereafter, the tiller appearance in relation to thermal time under both moisture conditions was at a linear rate of about 53-56°Cd ± 9.5°Cd tiller⁻¹.
Effect of microclimatic variations, canopy temperature, radiation and photoperiod on the phenology-thermal time relationships have been discussed under both the moisture conditions.