Kazakhstani native cattle reveal highly divergent mtDNA from Bos taurus and Bos indicus lineages with an absence of Bos indicus Y chromosome

Kazakhstan is the largest landlocked country and contains two important propagation routes for livestock from the Fertile Crescent to Asia. Therefore, genetic information about Kazakhstani cattle can be important for understanding the propagation history and the genetic admixture in Central Asian cattle. In the present study, we analyzed the complete mtDNA D‐loop sequence and SRY gene polymorphism in 122 Kazakhstani native cattle. The D‐loop sequences revealed 79 mitochondrial haplotypes, with the major haplogroups T and I. The Bos taurus subhaplogroups consisted of T (3.3%), T1 (2.5%), T2 (2.5%), and T4 (0.8%) in addition to the predominant subhaplogroup T3 (86.9%), and the Bos indicus subhaplogroup of I1 (4.1%). Subsequently, we investigated the paternal lineages of Bos taurus and Bos indicus, however, all Kazakhstani cattle were shown to have Y chromosome of Bos taurus origin. While highly divergent mtDNA subhaplogroups in Kazakhstani cattle could be due to the geographical proximity of Kazakhstan with the domestication center of the Fertile Crescent, the absence of Bos indicus Y chromosomes could be explained by a decoupling of the introgression dynamics of maternal and paternal lineages. This genetic information would contribute to understanding the genetic diversity and propagation history of cattle in Central Asia.     

The Eurasian Steppe is an important goat propagation route: A phylogeographic analysis using mitochondrial DNA and Y‐chromosome sequences of Kazakhstani goats

Goats (Capra hircus) were domesticated in the Fertile Crescent and propagated all over the world. The Silk Road through the Eurasian Steppe belt is a possible propagation route for domestic goats to Central Asia. Kazakhstan is in close geographical proximity to domestication centers and covers the majority of the Eurasian Steppe belt. In this study, we examined the genetic diversity and phylogeographic structure of Kazakhstani goats. The mtDNA sequences of 141 Kazakhstani goats were categorized into haplogroups A, C, and D, of which haplogroup A was predominant (97%), whereas haplogroups C and D were detected at low frequencies (1.4% each). The Kazakhstani haplotypes C were thzen categorized into Asian mtDNA type. Sequence analysis of the SRY gene on the Y‐chromosome in 67 male Kazakhstani goats revealed two haplotypes: Y1A (64%) and Y2A (36%). Analysis of the distribution of mtDNA haplogroups and SRY haplotypes from Eurasia and Africa demonstrated genetic similarity among animals from Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and Northwest China located on the Eurasian Steppe belt. These phylogeographic results suggested that the Eurasian Steppe belt was an important propagation route for goats to Central Asia.     

基于线粒体DNA D-loop区序列分析我国小型鹅种的系统进化

为了探究我国小型鹅种的系统进化,运用DNA测序技术测定了我国13个小型鹅种群体mtDNA D-loop区521 bp序列。结果显示这13个小型鹅种D-loop区的A、G、C、T含量分别为32.2%,15.0%,29.0%,23.8%。平均单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度分别为0.2153和0.00046。13个家鹅种间变异大于种内变异,且均未出现群体扩张现象。群体聚类和系统进化树表明,伊犁鹅来源于灰雁（Anser anser）,其余12个鹅种来源于鸿雁（Ansercygnoides）     

绵羊血液基因组DNA的提取方法研究

用FTA采样卡采集24份绵羊血样,用优化NaOH-TE法提取血液基因组DNA,经PCR扩增后,与Whatman FTA reagent DNA提取法进行比较,结果认为NaOH-TE DNA提取法在进行聚合酶链式反应时具有高效、快速、便捷、经济的特点.     

Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA variation describe ecologically important genetic structure of even-year pink salmon inhabiting Prince William Sound, Alaska

Abstract– Allozyme and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data were obtained from pink salmon throughout Prince William Sound, Alaska, from two hatchery, five upstream, and 20 tidal locations distributed among five management regions collected during 1994. Screening for allozymes included 66 loci for 92 to 100 fish per sample. Thirty-four loci had variant allele frequencies <0.01 in one or more collections and were used for population analyses. Eight haplotypes were detected after screening 40 fish per collection for variation at the ND5/ND6 region of mtDNA using six restriction enzymes. Significant and apparently stable differences detected by both data sets permit rejecting a null hypothesis of panmixia and support managing native populations in Prince William Sound at the regional level. Distinctions between upstream and tidal collections were detected within Lagoon Creek (allozymes) and Koppen Creek (mtDNA). Significant regional heterogeneity was detected within upstream (allozymes and mtDNA) and tidal (allozymes) collections; however, upstream collections were more divergent from each other than were tidal collections. The absence of distinction of Armin F. Koernig Hatchery from almost all regions was consistent with multiple origins of this stock. Conversely, Solomon Gulch Hatchery in the East Region was distinct from all regions but East, consistent with a more restricted origin and influence.     

中国6个地方鸡品种的母系起源

通过对线粒体DNA（mtDNA）D-loop区的测序和比对,探讨了中国6个地方鸡品种的母系起源。结果表明,文昌鸡、鲁西斗鸡、寿光鸡、济宁百日鸡和莱芜黑鸡分别有5、5、5、6和7种单倍型,琅琊鸡只有3种单倍型;6个地方鸡品种聚为3个分支：分支A是1个主要分支,共有17种单倍型,有寿光鸡（10只）、鲁西斗鸡（9只）、文昌鸡（5只）、莱芜黑鸡（6只）、济宁百日鸡（6只）和琅琊鸡（2只）,分别占所分析各地方鸡品种个体数的100%、90%、84%、75%、60%和20%,与分布于老挝、云南红原鸡的3个大陆亚种（G.g.gallus、G.g.jabouile和G.g.spadi-ceus）关系较近;分支B中包含8只琅琊鸡（80%）和1只济宁百日鸡（10%）;分支C中有1只鲁西斗鸡（10%）、1只文昌鸡（16.7%）、2只莱芜黑鸡（25%）和3只济宁百日鸡（30%）;分支B和C分别与来自红原鸡G.g.gallus亚种H19单倍型和H32、H33单倍型聚在一起。推测这6个地方鸡品种分别来自云南、老挝和越南附近地区的红原鸡大陆亚种。基因流是上述品种群体间遗传分化的主要因素。错配分布和Fu＇sFs检验表明,分布于山东的5个地方鸡品种未发生群体扩张。     

Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of the Main Lineages of Nymphalinae （Nymphalidae： Lepidoptera） Based on the Partial Mitochondrial COI Gene

The phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily Nymphalinae （sensu Chou 1994） were analyzed based on 1 488 bp of mtDNA cytochrome oxidase subunit I （COI） gene sequence data obtained from 24 individuals, along with those of eight species obtained from GenBank. The base compositions of this COI fragment varied among the individuals as follows： T 39.9%, C 14.6%, A 32.2%, and G 13.4%, with a strong AT bias （72.1%）, as usually found in insect mitochondrial genomes. The A ＋T contents of the third, second, and first codon positions of the COI fragments in this study was 92.4, 62.2, and 61.4%, respectively. The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed by neighbor-joining （NJ）, maximum likelihood （ML）, and Bayesian methods by using Byblia anvatara as outgroup. Phylogenetic analyses based on the COI gene sequence data created very similar topologies, which were producing trees with two main clades A and B, and five subclades. The data indicated that the tribes Nymphalini and Hypolimni （sensu Chou 1994） are not monophyletic groups, and the genus Junonia should be removed from Nymphalini to Hypolimni （=Junoniini）. On the basis of the data, the Symbrenthia and Araschnia had a relative distant relationship with the rest of Nymphalini. The relationships of species in the Nymphalini were confirmed via the NJ, ML, and Bayesian methods, namely （（（（Nymphalis ＋ Kaniska） ＋ Polygonia） ＋Aglais） ＋ Vanessa） ＋ （Symbrenthia ＋Araschnia）. This investigation provides a little novel information for Chinese researches of butterflies.     

江淮水牛线粒体D-loop区和Cytb基因遗传多态性及系统发育分析

为研究安徽江淮水牛群体的分子种质特性,本试验测定了江淮水牛2个亚群共82个个体的线粒体D-loop区和细胞色素b基因完整序列,分析了序列遗传多态性及系统进化关系,并结合GenBank中已发表的141条中国水牛D-loop序列,进行了联合分析。结果在D-loop区内共发现核苷酸多态位点91个,组成104个单倍型,其中32个是在江淮水牛中新发现的单倍型。总体mtDNA D-loop区核苷酸多样性为(0.015 43±0.001 42),单倍型多样性为(0.948±0.009)。其中,江淮水牛的mtDNA D-loop区核苷酸多样性为(0.014 89±0.002 32),单倍型多样性为(0.955±0.013),表明其群体遗传多样性丰富,群体变异性水平与中国其他水牛群体接近。根据线粒体D-loop区单倍型构建系统树和进化网络,显示江淮水牛存在沼泽型水牛线粒体支系A和B,表明其具有2个线粒体母系来源,其中B支又分为b1和b2两个亚支;针对细胞色素b基因的进化分析也支持这一结论。这些研究结果为今后开展江淮水牛遗传资源的保护和利用提供了客观依据。     

Climate‐driven population dynamics of a North American freshwater fish,Ictalurus furcatus: inference from the mitochondrial control region sequence data

Abstract – Using the Bayesian coalescent methodology and mitochondrial control region sequence data, the present study reconstructs the dynamics of effective population size of a temperature‐driven seasonal migratory North American freshwater fish, Ictalurus furcatus, during the last glacial cycle. The trend in effective population size is directly associated with the trend in surface air temperature; it is inversely associated with the accumulation of ice sheets in North America during the contemporary period. The long‐term decrease in effective population size during the cold period followed by rebound during the warmer period could be explained by this species’ preference for relatively warmer temperatures for its optimal growth and survival.     

Genetic diversity of Chinese domestic goat based on the mitochondrial DNA sequence variation

The aim of this study was to characterize the genetic diversity of domestic goat in China. For this purpose, we determined the sequence of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region in 72 individuals of the Yangtze River delta white goat, and reanalysed 723 published samples from 31 breeds/populations across China. All goat haplotypes were classified into four haplogroups (A–D) previously described. The phylogenetic pattern that emerged from the mtDNA control region sequence was confirmed by the analysis of the entire cytochrome b sequence of eight goats representative of the four haplogroups. It appeared that in Chinese domestic goat, haplogroups A and B were dominant and distributed in nearly all breeds/populations, while haplogroups C and D were only found in seven breeds/populations. Four breeds/populations contained all four haplogroups. When grouping the breeds/populations into five geographic groups based on their geographic distributions and ecological conditions, the southern pasturing area had the highest diversity whereas the northern farming area had the lowest diversity. 84.29% and 11.37% of the genetic variation were distributed within breeds and among breeds within the ecologically geographical areas, respectively; only 4% of genetic variation was observed among the five geographic areas. We speculate that the traditional seasonal pastoralism, the annual long-distance migrations that occurred in the past, and the commercial trade would account for the observed pattern by having favoured gene flows.