黔北一新鱼种遵义小钝吻鮠线粒体DNA的分离纯化

用差速离心法和改进的碱裂解法分离纯化遵义小钝吻鮠线粒体DNA,紫外检测其OD260/OD280在1.78～1.85,并计算出该鱼肝组织线粒体DNA的含量为0.613μg/g。纯化样品经紫外分析仪在200～290 nm波长范围内扫描,呈现典型的DNA吸收峰,其最大吸收峰在259～260 nm。以λDNA/HindⅢ的完全酶切片段作为相对分子量标准,利用电泳迁移率与分子量的对数的线性关系,由已知片段大小推算出遵义小钝吻鮠mtDNA分子大小为(15.44±0.16)kb。     

DNA技术在羊毛羊绒鉴别中的应用

羊绒与羊毛的鉴别一直是当前面临的难题,以DNA为基础的检测方法由于准确灵敏,目前已成为毛绒鉴别中最可靠的方法。文中对毛绒的DNA鉴别方法及难点进行了综述,以期为毛绒准确鉴别提供参考。     

线粒体DNA在动物分子系统学研究中的应用

mtDNA由于其自身的特点和优越性,已被广泛地应用于动植物分子系统学的研究。本文概述了mtDNA的基本特征、遗传特点和用于系统分类的优点,并对mtDNA在动物分子系统学中的部分研究成果做了概括。     

烟粉虱复合种不同地理种群的遗传分化

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius) 是由具有遗传分化的不同地理种群组成的复合种。本文介绍了烟粉虱不同地理种群遗传分化的最新研究进展，并在世界各国对烟粉虱核糖体ITS1(rDNA ITS1)、线粒体COI（mtDNA COI）基因大量测序的基础上，进一步分析了烟粉虱不同地理种群的遗传分化。根据mtDNA COI和rDNA ITS1基因序列分析的结果，烟粉虱不同地理种群可分为5组，即亚洲组（Asia group）、美洲组（America group）、非洲组（Africa group）、澳洲组(Australia group)、B型/地中海/中东/北非/Ms型组(Biotype B/Mediterranean/Middle Eastern/Northern Africa/Biotype Ms group)；此外，还包括3个没有特定组的种群，即乌干达（Uganda）、科特迪瓦（Ivory Coast和台湾（Taiwan）种群。地理隔离可能是造成烟粉虱不同地理种群遗传分化的最重要驱动力。许多具有入侵性或生物学优势的烟粉虱种群随着人类活动而传入新的地区，造成了严重的经济损失。有必要加强烟粉虱生物型的监测，遏制已入侵烟粉虱种群的蔓延，防止新的具有潜在危险性的烟粉虱种群传入中国。     

关中奶山羊线粒体Cyt b基因遗传多样性研究

测定了关中奶山羊品种10个个体的细胞色素b基因全序列(1 140bp),比较分析了群体中细胞色素b基因的碱基组成和序列间碱基的变异情况,结果表明:在该品种(群体)中细胞色素b基因序列中10个变异位点上观察到17次T-C间的碱基转换,除了有1次T-C间碱基转换发生在密码子第1位点以外,其余的16次碱基转换都发生在密码子第3位点,均为同义突变;观察到5种单倍型,单倍型多样度为0.756。并以绵羊为外群构建系统发生树(NJ树),结果显示:关中奶山羊有2个母系起源,其中支系A占90%(9/10),支系B占10%(1/10)。     

陇东地方牛种遗传多样性研究

对陇东地方牛种及其与秦川牛和南德温牛杂交群体共计113个个体线粒体D-loop区461 bp序列进行多态性分析,结果表明,3个群体该区域A+T含量(64.2%)明显高于G+C含量(35.8%),表现出明显的碱基偏倚;3个群体核苷酸变异率介于0.42%和3.27%之间,陇东牛和南德温牛杂交群体核苷酸变异率最高;核苷酸变异类型以转换为主,转换占核苷酸多态位点的90.94%,其次为颠换,占4.59%,同样表现出明显的碱基替换偏倚;3个群体核苷酸岐异度介于0.008 95和0.029 06之间,遗传距离介于0.000 15和0.008 36之间,陇东地方牛及其与秦川牛的杂交群体核苷酸歧异度和遗传距离最小。     

Genetic diversity decreases as population density declines: Implications of temporal variation in mitochondrial haplotype frequencies in a natural population of Tscherskia triton

Although the spatial genetic differentiation that occurs in animal populations has been extensively studied, information on temporal variations in genetic structure and diversity is still lacking, especially for animals with oscillating populations. In the present study, we used the mtDNA D‐loop sequence to assess the temporal genetic variation in samples from six successive years for the greater long‐tailed hamster, Tscherskia triton. Sampling was carried out between 1998 and 2003 in cropland on the North China Plain, China. A total of 108 individuals were analyzed. The temporal samples showed a high level of genetic diversity. Substantial genetic changes in haplotype frequencies over time were detected for the hamster population. Random genetic drift and migration are likely to be the major factors responsible for the observed temporal pattern. The genetic diversity of the hamster population was higher in years with higher population density, and lower in years with lower population density. The result supports our hypothesis that genetic diversity decreases when population density declines in animals whose population oscillates greatly between years. The combined effects of inbreeding and genetic drift caused by reproduction, dispersal and population size might play important roles in the observed changes in genetic structure and diversity between years.     

淮北灰驴mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及起源分析

为分析淮北灰驴遗传多样性与母系起源,从大群中随机选择10匹淮北灰驴,对其mtDNA D-loop区部分序列进行测序,与GenBank已公布的一些驴品种的mtDNA D-loop区序列进行比对分析,并探讨淮北灰驴的遗传多样性与母系起源。结果显示,在获得的407 bp D-loop碱基序列中,共检测出28处变异位点,8处碱基对的转换以及1处颠换,其核苷酸多样性（Pi）为0.021 95,单倍型多样性（Hd）为0.778,平均核苷酸差异（K）为8.911,显示淮北灰驴较为丰富的遗传多样性。从D-loop区核苷酸序列的5种单倍型分析,发现淮北灰驴可能有2个母系起源,遗传距离表明,淮北灰驴与克罗地亚家驴之间的遗传距离较近。研究结果从分子水平上为淮北灰驴的遗传资源保护和开发利用提供了参考。     

长江和闽江长体鳜遗传多样性的 细胞色素b全序列分析

对长江水系中江西都昌和闽江水系中福建建瓯2 个群体23 尾长体鳜细胞色素b 全基因的1 141 bp 序 列进行分析,发现15 个变异位点,其中简约信息位点7 个,共有13 个单倍型,总体单倍型多样度（Hd）和核苷酸多态 度（Pi）分别为0.933（依0.030）和0.00241（依0.030）,呈现出高单倍型多样性和低核苷酸多样性的特点。中性检验结果显 示Fu爷s Fs为显著负值,核苷酸不配对分析呈现单峰分布,表明长体鳜在历史上经历过种群扩张事件,推测扩张年代 约为6 万年前,为更新世晚期。在邻接树和简约性网络图中不同地理来源的单倍型交错分布,群体间的Fst 和Nm 值 分别为0.06667 和3.5。AMOVA 分析表明,长体鳜群体内遗传差异（95.17%）大于群体间（4.83%）遗传差异,遗传变异 主要是集中在群体内部,表明都昌和建瓯的长体鳜群体间没有出现明显遗传分化,可作为一个管理保护单位。     

Molecular genetic structure and relationship of Chinese and Hungarian common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) strains based on mitochondrial sequence

China and Hungary are major providers of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in East Asia and Europe respectively. However, the genetic variation and relationship of this species in the two countries have been poorly understood. In this study, mitochondrial COII‐tRNA^Lys and D‐loop sequences were analysed to investigate the genetic structure and relationships of the representative wild and domesticated common carps distributed in China and Hungary. The results indicated that the genetic diversities of the Chinese common carps are higher than those of Hungarian common carps, and the diversities of the wild common carps are higher than those of domesticated common carps in both the countries. Analysis of molecular variance and pairwise F_ST demonstrated a significant genetic divergence between the Chinese and the Hungarian common carps, and between the wild and the domesticated common carps. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and statistical parsimony network showed an obvious genetic differentiation between the Chinese and the Hungarian common carps, between the wild and the domesticated common carps. However, a few specimens and haplotypes from the Chinese wild common carps appeared in the Hungarian common carps, demonstrating that there was no absolutely isolated and possible genetic linker between the Chinese and the Hungarian common carps.