滑县花生新黑地蛛蚧的发生与防治技术

花生新黑地蛛蚧是近年来滑县花生田新发现的一种地下害虫,对花生造成危害,影响花生的 品质和产量。本文主要介绍新黑地蛛蚧的形态特征、发生规律、生活习性、为害症状及防治措施。     

A new Curvularia lunata variety discovered in Huanghuaihai Region in China

The purpose of this study was to identify the dominant pathogens of Curvularia leaf spot and their pathogenicity variation in Huanghuaihai Region of China in recent years. In 2013 and 2016–2017, the occurrences of Curvularia leaf spots on maize were investigated in fields located in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, and Anhui provinces, and 292 fungi were isolated from diseased leaves. These fungal isolates were subjected to morphological identification, and 232 isolates were found to have about 70% uncurved conidia and were identified as Curvularia lunata var. Most of the conidia of 2 representative isolates, namely, HNWB-131 and HNWB-185, were oblong with parallel septations and were distinctly different from a reference isolate CX-3. For further determination, the internal transcribed spacer(ITS), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase(GPDH), the large subunit(LSU), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha(EF1-α) sequences of HNWB-131, HNWB-185, and CX-3 were amplified and sequenced. The results of sequence analysis showed that the 4 gene sequences from the 3 isolates had a similarity of more than 99% to C. lunata. Based on the sequences of ITS and the combined data of the 4 genes, neighbor-joining trees were constructed for phylogenetic analysis. The results indicated that these 3 isolates were clustered together with C. lunata. The expression of Clg2 p and ClUrase genes in mycelia and conidia was significantly(P0.05) higher in CX-3 than in HNWB-131 and HNWB-185. This study found that the dominant pathogen of Curvularia leaf spot was a new variety of C. lunata with morphological variations in Huanghuaihai Region from 2013 to 2017. The pathogenicity of the C. lunata var. was not significantly enhanced, and the expression of Clg2 p and ClUrase genes of C. lunata var. was decreased.     

Paraphoma root rot of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) in Inner Mongolia,China

Root rot symptoms were observed in fields of alfalfa in Chifeng city, Inner Mongolia, China in 2016. Disease incidences of seven alfalfa varieties planted in 2014 ranged from 56% to 95%, while incidence of Gongnong No. 1 planted in 2016 was 8%, 31% and 76% in 2016, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Paraphoma isolates were consistently recovered from black necrotic root tissues of diseased plants with a frequency of 77.1%. Based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analysis of rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS), elongation factor 1-α (EF1-α) and β-tubulin (TUB), this fungus was identified as Paraphoma radicina. Glasshouse pathogenicity experiments showed that P. radicina significantly reduced above- and below-ground biomass of alfalfa plants 2 months after inoculation. Paraphoma radicina infected 70% of the plants inoculated with a root dip in conidia, and these symptoms were consistent with the symptoms in the field. Paraphoma radicina was successfully reisolated from disease roots of the inoculated alfalfa plants. This is the first report of P. radicina as the causal agent of alfalfa root rot in China.     

加格达奇市黄芪种植地土壤形态描述及适宜性分析

黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus)因其药用价值高近年来被大量、无节制采挖,致使野生黄芪资源几近枯竭。探究黄芪适宜生长的土壤,将为人工驯化黄芪提供一定的科学依据。本研究以加格达奇市连续多年人工种植黄芪的土壤为研究对象,系统分析了2个典型土壤剖面的形态特征及土壤养分。结果表明：表层土壤结构疏松,孔隙度较大,土壤颜色较深,干态为黑棕色,润态为黑色;淀积层及母质层土壤结构坚实,孔隙度较小,土壤颜色随着层次加深,颜色逐渐变黄、变棕。表层土壤质地肥沃,多以壤土为主;表层有机质含量高,分别为122.07、110.09 g/kg,占其整个土壤剖面有机质含量的52%和82%,土壤剖面有机质随土层深度的增加呈现一个骤降的趋势;表层土壤全氮含量较高,分别为6.58、8.87 g/kg,而土壤全磷含量较低,主要分布于土壤表层,表层土壤的全磷含量分别为0.07、1.01 g/kg,土壤酸碱度在pH 5.11~6.35之间。黄芪适应生长土壤质地疏松,土壤温度状况为寒冻性、土壤水分状况为湿润,土壤肥沃,表层土壤有机质含量高,全氮含量也较高,而全磷含量较低,土壤呈弱酸性至中性。     

灌草立体配置对退化草地土壤水分和养分的影响

【目的】比较灌草立体配置模式下3种不同生境的土壤水分、养分和植物根系相关参数的差异,探究灌草立体配置30年对退化草地土壤水分和养分以及植物根系的影响,为黄土高原水土保持和生态恢复提供理论依据。【方法】以位于黄土高原云雾山国家草原自然保护区种植30年的人工柠条和野山桃搭配灌丛带样地为研究对象,采集灌丛带内部、灌丛带边缘和灌丛带外部不同土层的土样和植物根系,比较3种位置下土壤水分、养分含量和植物根系特征的差异,并分析了根长与土壤水分和养分含量的相关性。【结果】在0～80 cm土层,灌丛带内部的土壤含水量明显高于灌丛带边缘和灌丛带外部。在0～80 cm土层,随着土层深度增加,灌丛带3个位置土壤全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量均呈下降趋势,而全磷含量变化不明显;在同一土层,灌丛带内部的全氮、碱解氮和有机碳含量均明显高于灌丛带边缘和灌丛带外部。在灌丛带内部、灌丛带边缘和灌丛带外部3个位置,植物根系生物量呈减小的趋势。从垂直分布来看,灌丛带内部、灌丛带边缘和灌丛带外部0～15 cm土层的植物根系生物量分别占0～40 cm土层植物根系生物量的90.86%,90.79%,92.91%,说明植物根系生物量主要集中分布于0～15 cm土层。3个取样位置中,灌丛带内部植物根长、根表面积和根体积均最大。相关性分析表明,灌丛带植物根长与0～20 cm土层的土壤含水量,0～40 cm土层土壤有机碳和全氮、0～80 cm土层碱解氮均呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】在黄土高原退化草地上进行灌草立体配置可以促进植物根系生长,提高土壤水分和养分含量,有利于退化草地的恢复。     

黎藤节间与节部纤维形态特征的径向变化

为了更好地指导藤材的合理利用,缓解日益紧张的木材供需矛盾,采用显微图像分析方法,对3组黎藤试样2m处藤节间与节部的纤维形态特征进行了观察与统计,并进行对比与分析。结果显示,黎藤节间与节部纤维的长度、宽度、长宽比、腔径、双壁厚分别为981.779和921.271μm、7.786和8.719μm、130.822和113.021、3.716和3.669μm、4.070和5.051μm。由藤芯到藤皮节间处纤维长度和长宽比均呈现先增后降的趋势,节部处纤维长度和长宽比、节间纤维宽度均呈现逐渐下降的趋势;节间、节部处纤维腔径及节部宽度均呈现先降后增的趋势;节间处双壁厚呈现逐渐下降的趋势,节部处双壁厚呈逐渐增加的趋势。经F检验,在0.05水平上节间与节部处纤维宽度和双壁厚存在极显著差异。平均纤维微纤丝角为42.71°,变化区间在39.38°～46.03°;平均纤维素结晶度为46.96%,变化区间在44.10%～49.82%,且藤皮处结晶度大于藤芯处。     

果梢斑螟生物学特性的研究

果梢斑螟(Dioryctria pryeriRagonot)是蛀食类害虫,以幼虫危害红松当年生球果和先年生球果及嫩梢。在吉林省抚松县露水河林业局该虫1 a发生1代,以3~4龄幼虫在球果内、果痕处及嫩梢内越冬。翌年5月开始活动危害,5月末至6月下旬为蛹期。6月中旬始现成虫羽化,终见于7月上旬。6月中旬至7月上旬为卵期,6月末至7月中旬幼虫孵化,部分幼虫在球果采摘前转移至果痕附近、嫩梢、当年生球果内继续危害,于9月下旬进入越冬状态。     

黏虫蛹性别的快速鉴别方法

根据黏虫Mythimna separata(Walker)蛹生殖孔的位置、腹部腹节的外部形态学特征、生殖孔(产卵孔)至排泄孔之间的距离,快速、准确鉴别黏虫蛹性别。雌蛹第8腹节腹面中央的生殖孔与第9腹节的产卵孔连接形成一纵裂缝,裂缝两侧平坦,无突起。生殖孔下端与第9腹节的前缘连接、产卵孔下端与第10腹节的前缘连接,形成2个明显的"人"字纹。雄蛹第8腹节无纵裂缝,在第9腹节腹面中央的生殖孔呈现的纵裂缝连接第10腹节,裂缝两边各有一个半圆形瘤状突起。雌雄蛹排泄孔均在第10腹节腹面,雌蛹产卵孔下端至排泄孔上端之间的距离为(400.85±151.10)μm,雄蛹生殖孔下端至排泄孔上端之间的距离为(178.21±93.59)μm,约为雌蛹相应距离的一半。采用该方法观察的270头羽化蛹的性别鉴别准确率100%。该方法对于快速鉴别黏虫蛹的性别、开展黏虫相关的生物学研究以及预测预报等具有重要的参考价值。     

五种蚌的形态变异与判别分析

运用多变量形态度量学方法，采用6个形态性状对褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌、圆背角无齿蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌5种蚌的种间以及地理种群间的形态变异进行了研究。主成分分析构建了2个主成分，第一主成分受4个性状的影响，贡献率为54.17%；第二主成分受1个性状的影响，贡献率为34.08%。主成分分析和聚类分析表明，褶纹冠蚌与三解帆蚌形态相近，随圆背角无齿蚌与球形无齿蚌外形相拟。方差分析和t检验表明，褶纹冠蚌和三解帆蚌的不同地理种群分别表现出形态上变异。建立了5种蚌的判别函数，三角帆蚌和圆背角无齿蚌的判别准确率均为100%，褶纹冠蚌、椭圆背角无齿蚌和球形无齿蚌的判别准确率依次为98.92%、86.36%和96.88%，总判别准确率为97.83%。     

龙池鲫DNA含量、倍性分析及其形态学特征研究

以鸡(Gallus sp.)红细胞DNA含量(2.5 pg/N)为标准对照,利用流式细胞术测定了龙池鲫(Carassius auratus in Long Lake)的红细胞核DNA含量,采用T型标技术标记了2倍体与3倍体龙池鲫并研究了2倍体与3倍体龙池鲫的形态特征,为阐明龙池鲫的遗传背景及资源增殖保护提供科学依据。结果显示,实验检测的265尾龙池鲫中,42尾龙池鲫样品红细胞核的相对DNA含量接近76,占15.85%,223尾样品接近110,占群体数的84.15%;二倍体龙池鲫的DNA含量为3.83 pg/N,三倍体龙池鲫的DNA含量为5.38 pg/N。龙池鲫是由二倍体和三倍体两种类型的鱼组成的混合群体;侧线鳞数量可作为二倍体龙池鲫与三倍体龙池鲫的辨别参考指标。T型标暂养1周后龙池鲫的成活率达到100%,脱牌率为1.13%。