Gewurztraminer Grapevines Respond to Length of Water Stress Duration

Abstract

Gewurztraminer grapevines planted in 1989 were subjected to one of three durations of water stress (deficits imposed at postbloom, lag phase, veraison) in combination with three vineyard floor management strategies (clean cultivated, total herbicide, permanent sod). Data were gathered on vine performance, fruit composition, and water relations from 1991-96. Yield per vine, cluster weight, and berry weight were reduced linearly with duration of water deficit. Transpiration, stomatal conductance, and leaf water potential were likewise reduced with increased duration of water stress. Titratable acidity decreased and pH increased with duration of water stress, but °Brix was unaffected. Decreasing duration of water stress increased free volatile terpenes (FVT) at harvest, as well as increased potentially volatile terpenes (PVT) at both veraison and harvest. Maintaining a permanent sod tended to reduce all yield components, especially berry weight, but basic fruit composition was unaffected. FVT were highest at both veraison and harvest in berries from clean cultivated plots; however, PVT concentration was highest in berries from permanently sodded plots. Permanent sod treatments displayed lowest transpiration rate and stomatal conductance. Monitoring physiological response (particularly stomatal conductance) of the plant to reduced soil moisture provides a reliable indication of when to relieve irrigation deficits, as opposed to relying on soil moisture monitoring and/or visual assessment of water stress.     

8──14碳脂肪酸单萜酯的合成研究

以脂松节油工业蒎烯和由山苍子核仁油制取的８—１４碳固体脂肪酸为原料，开展了合成脂肪酸单萜酯的试验研究．并对其最佳合成工艺条件进行了探讨．为工业化生产提供了科学依据．同时，将其作为ＰＶＣ塑料凉鞋和塑料薄膜增塑剂配方进行了应用试验．结果表明，本产品完全可以作为ＰＶＣ塑料的增塑剂使用．具有广阔的推广应用前景．     

棉铃虫危害对转基因棉花挥发物成分和释放速率的影响

采用顶空吸附法和气质联用对棉铃虫轻度危害的苗期转基因棉花33B释放的挥发物进行研究。结果表明:棉花挥发物的主要成分是绿叶气体、萜类及其衍生物,包括己醛,α-蒎烯、莰烯、β-蒎烯、柠檬烯、β-水芹烯、香芹醇、壬醛、顺3己烯醇乙酸酯、十四碳烯、β-石竹烯和柏木酮等;棉花的茎、叶及地上部分的释放速率分别为27.2、391.4、223.5 ng/g.h,棉株挥发物的总释放量主要由叶片所释放;棉花受棉铃虫幼虫轻度危害后,地上部分挥发物的释放速率明显增加,危害后1 h和12 h时的释放速率分别为622.54、69.6 ng/g.h,与对照棉花有明显差异;24h后其释放速率基本恢复;在受害棉花的挥发物组分中,主要是绿叶气体和萜类成分变化明显。     

Hidden Diversity in an Antarctic Algal Forest: Metabolomic Profiling Linked to Patterns of Genetic Diversification in the Antarctic Red Alga Plocamium sp.

The common Antarctic red alga Plocamium sp. is rich in halogenated monoterpenes with known anticancer and antimicrobial properties and extracts of Plocamium sp. have strong ecological activity in deterring feeding by sympatric herbivores. Plocamium sp. collected near Anvers Island, Antarctica showed a high degree of secondary metabolite diversity between separate individuals. GC/MS results revealed 15 different combinations of metabolites (chemogroups) across individuals, which were apparent at 50% or greater Bray–Curtis similarity and also clearly distinguishable by eye when comparing chromatographic profiles of the secondary metabolomes. Sequencing of the mitochondrial cox1 gene revealed six distinct haplotypes, of which the most common two had been previously reported (now referred to as Haplotypes 1 and 2). With the exception of one individual, three of the chemogroups were only produced by individuals in Haplotype 1. All the other 12 chemogroups were produced by individuals in Haplotype 2, with five of these chemogroups also present in one of the four new, less common haplotypes that only differed from Haplotype 2 by one base pair. The functional relevance of this metabolomic and genetic diversity is unknown, but they could have important ecological and evolutionary ramifications, thus potentially providing a foundation for differential selection.     

鲜食葡萄果实单萜合成关键基因的eQTL分析

[目的]通过对鲜食葡萄果实单萜合成关键基因进行eQTL定位及候选基因挖掘,深入了解单萜合成调控机制,为优良玫瑰香味葡萄新品种培育及种质改良奠定基础.[方法]以'摩尔多瓦'×'瑞都香玉'F1代群体及亲本为供试材料,分别在转色期和成熟期采集葡萄果实样品;利用实时荧光定量qPCR技术对7个单萜合成途径基因(VvDXS1、Vv...     

红脂大小蠹诱导油松树干挥发性单萜相对含量的变化

使用Porapak Q吸附剂,采用动态顶空的吸附方法,连续抽取11个不同阶段的对照、损伤与虫害油松的挥发物成分.运用GC、GC-MS与图谱峰面积进行挥发物成分定性与单萜相对含量的定量分析.与对照和损伤油松相比,虫害油松含有高比率的(+)-α-蒎烯(超过90％)和月桂烯,但(+)-3-蒈烯,(-)-β-蒎烯,莰烯和柠檬烯含量较低.(+) -3-蒈烯含量对照和损伤油松高于虫害油松(低于4％).(+)-3-蒈烯含量从损伤4天后的最低水平逐渐恢复到对照油松中含量水平.(-)-β-蒎烯和柠檬烯在不同处理的油松中含量相近,但在接入雌雄虫后3个处理间存在显著差异.尽管目前不确定我国的红脂大小蠢是否在危害油松后释放信息素,但研究表明红脂大小蠢可能会利用各种单萜成分细节上的变化作为化学信号,从而实现寄主的选择和种群聚集.本研究对于揭示油松抗性机制,完善红脂大小蠢的监测与防控技术体系具有重要意义.     

豌豆蚜为害下CO2浓度升高对两种不同固氮能力蒺藜苜蓿间接防御的影响

大气CO_2浓度升高增加了豆科植物的光合作用和生物固氮能力,从而改变植物对初生和次生代谢产物的资源配置,进而影响植物与昆虫互作。为了明确CO_2浓度升高条件下豆科植物对蚜虫间接防御的影响,利用蒺藜苜蓿Medicago truncatula固氮突变体dnf1和野生型植株Jemalong研究CO_2浓度升高对不同固氮能力蒺藜苜蓿挥发物释放的影响,从而改变蒺藜苜蓿对豌豆蚜Acyrthosiphon pisum的间接防御。结果表明,豌豆蚜为害显著诱导蒺藜苜蓿野生型和固氮突变体中单萜类化合物4-蒈烯、倍半萜类挥发物(E)-β-法呢烯以及绿叶挥发物顺式-3-己烯-1-醇的释放。CO_2浓度升高降低了野生型Jemalong受害植株上2-蒈烯和柠檬烯以及绿叶挥发物顺式-3-己烯-1-醇的释放量,却没有改变固氮突变体dnf1上这几种单萜类及绿叶挥发物的释放。正常CO_2浓度下,固氮突变体dnf1受害植株上2-蒈烯、4-蒈烯、柠檬烯的释放量与野生型Jemalong受害植株无显著差异,而CO_2浓度升高条件下固氮突变体dnf1受害植株上2-蒈烯、4-蒈烯、柠檬烯的释放量显著高于野生型Jemalong受害植株。表明CO_2浓度升高条件下豆科植物对蚜虫的间接防御降低。     

干旱-复水处理对迷迭香挥发性有机化合物释放规律的影响

为了探讨干旱胁迫对迷迭香Rosmarinus officinalis挥发性有机化合物(volatile organic compounds,简称VOCs)释放规律的影响,采用称量控水法对迷迭香进行干旱胁迫试验,设置轻度、中度、重度干旱水平、复水和对照。结果表明:干旱胁迫下迷迭香VOCs释放总量减少,但种类增加;轻度、中度、重度处理VOCs总量分别是对照的99.6%,69.4%,43.2%。迷迭香VOCs主要是萜烯类化合物,占总量的46.0%以上;各干旱处理萜烯类化合物相对含量与对照比分别增加了14.4%,17.01%,23.7%,其中单萜类相对含量呈增加显著;干旱胁迫明显诱导C6绿叶性挥发物和醛类化合物的释放。复水处理萜烯类百分含量和单萜类百分含量比重度处理稍有下降,仍显著高于对照、轻度和中度处理。     

Toxic and repellent effects of Baccharis salicifolia essential oil on Tribolium castaneum

Allelochemical effects were observed when Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) adults were treated with Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pavon) Pers essential oil. The main biological activities were toxicity and repellence. Terpenes present in the essential oil were identified by GC-MS, and some authentic samples were tested to assess their activity individually. The most acutely toxic compounds after 3 days were beta-pinene and pulegone. Most of the monoterpenes elicited symptoms indicative of neurotoxicity. The most repellent compound was alpha-terpineol. Toxic and repellent effects of chemical derivatives of the major sesquiterpene present in B salicifolia essential oil, as well as a series of monoterpenes, were evaluated in order to investigate structure-activity relationships. The reduced derivatives of the monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes were more repellent that their carbonyl analogues. In addition, unsaturation in the germacrane skeleton enhanced repellent activity.     

Application of HPLC-NMR in the Identification of Plocamenone and Isoplocamenone from the Marine Red Alga Plocamium angustum

A combination of on-line HPLC-NMR and off-line chemical investigations has resulted in the identification of the previously reported polyhalogenated monoterpene plocamenone, together with the new structural analogue isoplocamenone from the crude extract of the marine alga Plocamium angustum. On-flow and stop-flow HPLC-NMR analyses (including the acquisition of WET 2D NMR spectra) rapidly assisted in the identification of the major component plocamenone and in the partial identification of its unstable double bond isomer isoplocamenone. Conventional off-line isolation and structural characterization techniques were employed to unequivocally confirm both structures, leading to a structural revision for plocamenone, as well as to obtain sufficient quantities for biological testing.