森林火险中长期预测预报研究进展

概述了我国和美国、加拿大的森林火险中长期预测预报的理论和方法。国内研究大多建立在对历史火灾资料与气象资料进行统计分析研究的基础上, 预测结果多是定性的、间断性的。美国和加拿大则依托成熟的全国性森林火险等级系统, 结合气象局的中长期降水和温度预报, 给出各火险指数实时的一周尺度预报及每周1次的16周尺度的季节性预报。我国今后应加强森林火险的中长期预测预报研究, 要由单纯定性分析转向定量化研究, 由一般数理统计模型转向具有明显物理意义的数学物理模型。     

银松素类衍生物分子的几何结构和光谱性质

采用密度泛函理论(Density functional theory,DFT)方法研究了7个银松素衍生物分子的结构和光谱性质。在B3LYP/6-311G**理论级别上优化了它们的几何结构,通过频率计算拟合了分子的红外振动光谱:具有共轭芳烃特征的银松素衍生物体系在1650~1450cm-1具有高红外活性的苯环伸缩振动峰,而双键在1690cm-1附近的特征伸缩振动是偶级对称振动,不产生高强度红外光谱吸收峰;在高频区(3830cm-1)观察到羟基的O-H键伸缩振动谱带。采用含时密度泛函理论(Time-dependent Density functional theory,TD-DFT)方法和极化连续介质模型(Polarized Continuum Model,PCM)计算了上述分子在CHCl3溶液中的电子吸收光谱,计算揭示吸收谱带以π→π*跃迁为主,羟基和甲氧基的引入仅起修饰作用。     

鼻气管鸟杆菌病的研究现状

鼻气管乌杆菌痛是近年来新发现的一种感染家禽和野鸟的呼吸道细菌病,主要表现为鸡和火鸡生长迟缓,产蛋率下降、高死亡率、单侧或双侧纤维索性化脓性肺炎、胸膜炎、气囊炎。也常合并、继发新城疫病毒、大肠埃希菌和副鸡嗜血杆菌感染,从而引起急性死亡,危害很大,给养禽业造成严重的经济损失,是一种值得重视的新病。文章对该病的病原、流行病学、症状与病变、诊断方法及预防措施等进行了综述。     

Ultra‐long‐acting recombinant insulin for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in dogs

BackgroundFor the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) in dogs, novel insulins with decreased injection frequency while maintaining safety and efficacy are desirable. Insulin fused with immunoglobulin‐fragment‐crystallizable (Fc) has an ultra‐long plasma half‐life because it recycles through cells, protected from proteolysis.HypothesisGlycemic control can be achieved in diabetic dogs with a recombinant fusion protein of a synthetic insulin and canine Fc (AKS‐218d) administered subcutaneously once‐weekly.AnimalsFive client‐owned dogs with naturally occurring DM.MethodsProspective clinical trial in dogs with DM that were recruited from the UC Davis Veterinary Teaching Hospital and local veterinary clinics. Dogs previously controlled using intermediate‐acting insulin q12h were transitioned to once‐weekly injections of a preliminary construct identified as AKS‐218d. The dose of AKS‐218d was titrated weekly for 8 weeks based on clinical response and continuous interstitial glucose monitoring. Clinical signs, body weight, serum fructosamine concentrations, and mean interstitial glucose concentrations (IG) over the preceding week were compared between baseline (before AKS‐218d) and during the last week of treatment. Data were compared using nonparametric paired tests.ResultsOnce‐weekly AKS‐218d, compared to baseline twice‐daily insulin therapy, resulted in no significant changes in clinical signs, median (range) body weight (+0.4 kg [−0.5‐1.1]; P = .6), fructosamine concentration (−75 mmol/L [−215 to +126]; P = .4), or mean IG (+81 mg/dL [−282 to +144]; P = .8). No adverse reactions were reported.ConclusionControl of clinical signs, body weight, and maintenance of glycemia was achieved with this once‐weekly novel insulin construct in 4 of 5 dogs.     

The use of volunteers for conducting sponge biodiversity assessments and monitoring using a morphological approach on Indo‐Pacific coral reefs

• 1. Sponges are an important component of coral reef ecosystems, but even though they are widespread with the ability to significantly influence other benthic community members they rarely feature to any great extent in current monitoring or biodiversity assessment programmes conducted by volunteer and professional groups. This exclusion is usually because of the taxonomic problems associated with sponge identification.
• 2. A potential alternative to monitoring temporal or spatial change in sponge assemblages and assessing biodiversity levels is to characterize sponges using morphologies present rather than collecting species data. Quantifying sponge biodiversity (for monitoring and biodiversity assessments) at the morphological level is less time and resource consuming than collecting species data and more suited to groups with little training and experience of sponge taxonomy or in regions where detailed taxonomic information on sponges is sparse.
• 3. This paper considers whether the same differences and similarities in sponge richness and assemblage composition can be identified using species and morphological data in response to environmental gradients at two coral reef ecosystems in south‐east Sulawesi, Indonesia, and whether volunteers can be used to reliably collect morphological information. Sponge morphologies were classified into 14 groups and different morphological assemblages were found by the author at the two sites and between depth intervals. Comparisons of sponge species and morphological composition data showed that common patterns in assemblage structuring and richness could be identified irrespective of whether morphological or species data were used. In addition, a positive linear relationship was found between sponge species and morphological richness.
• 4. The morphological data recorded by volunteer divers (n=10) were compared with that collected by the author. Although volunteers recorded fewer sponges than the author (approximately 15% less), missing mainly small encrusting specimens, similar assemblage structure could be identified from both the volunteers' and the author's data.
• 5. The results showed that the same differences in sponge assemblages between sites and depths could be identified from both species and morphological data. In addition, these morphological data could be reliably collected by volunteer divers.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

接种方法和接种时期对不同玉米杂交组合穗腐病抗性鉴定的影响

为研究不同接种方法和接种时期对玉米拟轮枝镰孢穗腐病(Fusarium verticillioides ear rot,FER)抗性鉴定的影响,选取高抗×高抗、高抗×高感、高感×高感组合各3份,2022年在北京顺义和河南新乡分别用针刺果穗注射法与双牙签法在玉米吐丝后5、10、15 d进行接种。结果表明,吐丝后5、10和15 d接种,针刺果穗注射法分别比双牙签法的平均病情严重度高6.3%、3.9%和1.8%;吐丝后5 d接种,不同组合采用针刺果穗注射法接种未达到显著差异,采用双牙签法达到极显著差异(P<0.01);吐丝后10 d和15 d接种,不同组合使用针刺果穗注射法均达到极显著(P<0.01)差异,牙签法均未达到显著差异。采用双牙签法接种时,建议吐丝后5 d接种;采用针刺果穗注射法接种时,建议吐丝后10～15 d接种。     

均匀坡度下滴灌系统流量偏差率的计算方法

为了精确地模拟滴灌系统流量偏差率,该文从水力学的基本原理出发,通过对不同坡度毛管水头损失变化规律的分析,确定了不同坡度条件下滴灌系统最大、最小工作压力滴头的分布情况,在此基础上推导出了考虑地面坡度及水力偏差的单毛管流量偏差率计算公式,进而推导了小区流量偏差率的计算方法。与规范算法相比,该文的计算结果更接近于实际情况,为准确设计滴灌系统工程提供技术指导,使滴灌系统实际运行指标与系统设计指标基本保持一致。     

基于MODIS和NOAA/AVHRR的荒漠化遥感监测方法

土地荒漠化是中国西部最严重的生态环境问题,荒漠化遥感监测技术是掌握荒漠化发展趋势的重要手段。基于空间分辨率为1 km的NOAA/AVHRR和MODIS遥感数据,首先依据湿润指数法确定了荒漠化范围和气候分区。然后选取出了可以反映不同荒漠化特征,并且能够通过中低分辨率的NOAA/AVHRR和MODIS遥感影像反演出来的5个荒漠化遥感监测指标,通过精度评价分析,确定了最佳指标组合。由于MODIS和NOAA/AVHRR数据的影像特征存在较大差异,针对每一气候分区, 建立了分别适用于MODIS和NOAA/AVHRR数据的两套遥感指标分类体系。通过不同分类方法的比较,确定了最佳分类方法－决策树分类法。通过对中国1995年和2001年的荒漠化动态变化状况进行了分析,结果表明,本文提出的荒漠化遥感监测方法,不仅能够成功地进行大尺度的荒漠化遥感监测,而且能够取得较好的监测效果。     

绍兴市农业生态和农业气象灾害监测预警系统

通过建立基于3S技术的农业生态监测和基于自动气象站、雷达、卫星、数值预报、短信息技术的农业气象灾害监测预警系统,动态监测绍兴市耕地被侵占面积,分析水资源分布、土地利用覆盖等农业自然资源分布特征,并对农业气象灾害实现监测和预警,从而为根据当地自然资源优势,通过农业结构调整,有效地减轻气象灾害损失,促进农业可持续发展提供技术支撑。     

广义螺旋曲面工件轮廓度统一测量方法

对国标规定的标准螺旋曲面的测量方法进行分析,得出普通螺纹和丝杠形位误差测量方法中的共性问题。利用微分几何的曲面包络理论,结合坐标投影变换法和相对运动法对工件的曲面方程进行研究,得到了在母线曲面已知的情况下广义螺旋曲面的统一方程。通过广义螺旋曲面测量要素分析,得出异型螺旋面的测量方法。结合曲面统一方程,提出了广义螺旋面的统一测量方法。实例表明,该方法能够快速、准确地测量出对应工件的型面尺寸,避免了测量的复杂性和低效性。