醋曲菌的诱变选育及性能测定

以乌沙曲霉为出发菌，经紫外线（ｕ．ｖ）和亚硝酸复合因子诱变，筛选出一株糖化酶活性强的变异株，其液体曲和固体曲的糖化酶活力分别提高２８％和１５％以上。该菌生长快，产孢子多，产酸性能好，还具备分解淀粉的能力。     

草莓灰霉病菌对速克灵的抗性研究

速克灵对草莓灰霉病具有很好的防治效果,但长期、单一使用很容易使草莓灰霉病菌产生抗药性。为合理使用这类杀菌剂,延缓或防止抗药性的产生,笔者通过UV-C诱变草莓灰霉病菌敏感菌株CF1获得了对速克灵具有高抗性的突变株CF1-1和CF1-2,并对抗性突变株的生长量、产孢量和致病力进行了研究,结果表明:CF1-1与CF1-2对速克灵抗性程度高,抗性水平与敏感菌株相比分别增加了484.6倍和911.0倍。抗性菌株在无速克灵的培养基上菌丝生长较敏感菌株弱,产孢量也明显少于敏感菌株;但其引起草莓离体叶片发病较敏感菌株重,病斑大且边缘颜色深;薄片黄瓜测定结果也表明,在无速克灵的情况下,敏感菌株CF1引起发病较重;而在有药条件下CF1受到一定抑制,但抗性菌株仍能致黄瓜片发病。将抗性菌株连续培养7代后对速克灵的抗性仍是相对稳定的。     

Antifungal effects of iron sulfate on grapevine fungal pathogens

The present study aimed to determine the most efficient experimental conditions of iron sulfate use leading to optimal inhibition in the development of fungal pathogens. Assays have been focused on fungal species inducing severe grapevine diseases. FeSO₄ directly inhibited the in vitro mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea, Eutypa lata, Phaeomoniella chlamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, Diplodia seriata, and Neofusicoccum parvum with variable efficiency in the range of 0.5–10 mM. The development was always completely inhibited at 20 mM. This inhibitory effect was greatly increased at acidic pH values. The anionic moiety of the molecule was of importance since bromide, chloride and sulfate were highly active, whereas acetate and oxalate showed a small effect. Electron microscope observations on E. lata and B. cinerea showed that a treatment with FeSO₄ induced dramatic changes in the hyphal organization leading to cell death. No toxicity was observed on grapevine leaves following repeated FeSO₄ sprays in the antifungal concentration range. Therefore, FeSO₄ may be proposed to effectively replace the long-term pollutant use of CuSO₄ as an antifungal agent, with the additional advantage of iron being an important plant micronutrient.     

Cytological and biochemical changes induced by chitosan in the pathosystem Alternaria alternata-tomato

The cytological and biochemical response of the fungus Alternaria alternata to chitosan application in tomato fruits was evaluated. The research was developed in the following stages: microscopically to observe the degree of damage that chitosan causes over the conidia and hyphae of the fungus at the structural level and during the infection process in tomato tissue. Biochemically we tried to identify the elicitation of the phytoalexin rhisitin and other compounds involved in resistance. At the microscopic level, mycelium and conidia of chitosan-treated of A. alternata showed cell wall disintegration, plasma membrane retraction, cellular distortion, release of the apical portion of the conidia and lysis of fungal cells. Hyphae and conidia were susceptible to chitosan application. Infection always took place in chitosan treated and inoculated tomatoes and it was difficult to observe ultrastructural alterations due to chitosan application. The phytoalexin rhisitin was not isolated from any of the treatments but other compounds such as alkenes, fatty acids and vitamin E whose antimicrobial effects have been reported were detected. The elicitation of precursor compounds in the pathosystem A. alternata-tomato was more associated with the infection process than with the chitosan application. Further studies are necessary to confirm these findings.     

改企建制后勘察设计行业更要特别注意塑造良好的企业形象

本文着重论述了转企改制后在市场经济条件下,塑造勘察设计行业良好的企业形象的重要性;并对其内容、意义及塑造方法分别进行了详述;阐明了“物竞天择,适者生存”的道理;论证了勘察设计行业只有把握机遇、树立良好的企业形象,才能在激烈的市场竞争中不断发展壮大、立于不败之地。     

Environmental factors influencing sporocarp formation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Typhula ishikariensis</Emphasis>

Environmental factors influencing sporocarp formation in Typhula ishikariensis were studied under controlled conditions. Sporocarp formation in T. ishikariensis was divided into two stages: stipe elongation from the sclerotium and fertile head development at the tip of the stipe. Factors required for each stage differed. At the stipe elongation stage, low temperature (10°/5°C; day/night) and high humidity were important, but light was not required. In contrast, at the fertile head stage, light and moderate day length (8h/day) were essential. Fertile heads developed at 46µEm^–2s^–1; and high intensity (137µEm^–2s^–1) did not suppress development. Moreover, adding unsterilized soil to the sea sand medium accelerated sporocarp formation. These findings imply that the sclerotium of T. ishikariensis recognizes several physical factors for sporocarp formation. Sporocarps of T. ishikariensis developed within 4 weeks after incubation under optimal conditions. The sporocarp produced basidiospores, and differential mating incompatibility was confirmed among monokaryons derived from basidiospores produced under artificial conditions. This method should be useful for obtaining monokaryons for genetic studies of T. ishikariensis.     

纳米氧化锌处理马尾松材室外防霉及阻燃性能初步研究

以马尾松Pinus massoniana为试材,分别采用质量分数为2.0,10.0,20.0,40.0 g·kg-1的纳米氧化锌进行处理,比较了纳米氧化锌处理前后马尾松材防霉性能和阻燃性能的差异.结果表明:相同处理时间下,马尾松试件栽药量和防霉效果均随纳米氧化锌浸渍质量分数的增加而提高.纳米氧化锌处理马尾松材的霉变时间比未处理材霉变时间推迟3～4周,防霉效果良好.2.0 g· kg-1纳米氧化锌处理的马尾松材的点燃时间比未处理材延迟7s,20.0g·kg-1纳米氧化锌处理的马尾松材的总发烟量比未处理材低.纳米氧化锌对马尾松材的热释放速率、总热释放量、质量损失速率和平均有效燃烧热影响不明显.图4表3参12     

水杨酸诱导番茄对灰霉病的抗性研究

[目的]探讨水杨酸(SA)对番茄抗灰霉病的诱导作用。[方法]以SA作为诱抗剂处理番茄幼苗,研究了SA对番茄灰霉病病原菌菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的影响,并测定了其诱导抗性产生过程中番茄植株体内过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)4种防御酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。[结果]SA在其浓度范围内对番茄灰霉病病原菌的孢子萌发和菌丝生长无抑制作用,而相对诱导效果在处理后也有不同程度的提高,其中用150 mg/L SA处理番茄植株后间隔3 d挑战接种灰霉病病原菌产生的诱导效果最好,且抗性持续期在10～15 d。经SA处理后,CAT、POD、PPO、PAL在番茄灰霉病系统诱导抗性中均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且明显高于对照,同时MDA含量以波浪线形式呈上升趋势。[结论]SA在一定浓度范围内使用是安全的;CAT、POD、PPO、PAL活性与番茄对灰霉病的诱导抗性呈正相关,MDA含量的增加与抗病性的提高也密切相关。     

福建省烟草灰霉病的发生与病原鉴定

观察并记述了福建省烟草灰霉病的发生特点和病害症状。结果表明,烟草灰霉病的病原鉴定为灰葡萄孢(Botrytis ci-nerea),接种实验表明该病原菌具有很强的致病力,可以侵染叶片和茎部,致整株烟苗枯萎死亡。     

基于高光谱成像技术的茄子叶片灰霉病早期检测

为建立基于高光谱成像技术的茄子叶片灰霉病早期检测方法,利用高光谱成像系统获取120个茄子叶片在380~1031nm范围的高光谱图像数据,通过主成分分析(PCA)对高光谱数据进行降维,并从中优选出3个特征波段下的特征图像,截取200×150的感兴趣区域图像(ROI),并从每幅特征图像中分别提取均值、方差、同质性、对比度、差异性、熵、二阶矩和相关性等8个基于灰度共生矩阵的纹理特征变量,通过连续投影算法(SPA)提取13个特征变量, 利用最小二乘支持向量机(LS‐SVM)构建茄子叶片灰霉病早期鉴别模型,模型判别准确率为97.5%.说明高光谱成像技术可以用于茄子叶片灰霉病的早期检测.