Further suppression of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Botrytis cinerea</Emphasis> disease in cucumber seedlings by chitosan-copper complex as compared with chitosan alone

Chitosan-copper complex compared with chitosan alone enhanced suppression ofBotrytis cinerea rot development on four-true-leaf cucumber seedlings in controlled growth chambers. This paper constitutes the first report of such enhancement. The optimal concentrations for the most effective suppression ofBotrytis development were 0.2 gl ⁻¹ chitosan and 1.6 mmole copper. After 12 days’ incubation, marked and significantly better disease suppression was obtained with chitosan-copper complex (75% suppression) than with chitosan alone. The chitosan-copper complex could be a very promising decay control agent for use in both conventional and organic agriculture. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 18, 2002.     

Performance of fogged disinfectants to inactivate conidia of Penicillium digitatum within citrus degreening rooms

Fogging with formaldehyde of citrus packinghouses when the fruit are absent is a practice to control conidia of Penicillium digitatum (Pers.) Sacc., the cause of citrus green mold. Replacements for formaldehyde in these facilities are needed because of worker and environmental health issues. To evaluate the effectiveness of candidate sanitizers, craft wood sticks with conidia of P. digitatum were attached throughout commercial citrus ethylene degreening rooms and either water alone or the sanitizers were applied. The rooms were 20 ± 2 °C and humidified to 85–90% relative humidity. Aldehydes, peroxygen compounds, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide, quaternary ammonium, alcohols, one phenolic compound, and one organic acid were applied with a compressed air assisted atomizer or fan atomizer in a volume of approximately 6 L per 100 m³ of room volume dispensed over a 3 h period. Rates applied were expressed as active ingredient per m³ of room volume. All were compared to formaldehyde applied at 1.98 g m⁻³ of room volume. After 24 h, the craft wood sticks were retrieved, and germination of the conidia assessed. Five sanitizers reduced germination of conidia by more than 95% and equaled formaldehyde in effectiveness. They were (effective rates): (1) glutaraldehyde (0.1 g m⁻³); (2) hydrogen peroxide (4.4 g m⁻³); (3) Citrisol (1.0 g m⁻³), a proprietary mineral oxychloride oxidizer; (4) acetic acid (5.3 g m⁻³); and (5) peracetic acid (2.4 g m⁻³). The toxicity of effective sanitizers was determined by exposure of P. digitatum conidia for 10 min to concentrations of each and the proportion of survivors used to estimate EC₅₀ and EC₉₉ concentrations. The toxicity of the sanitizers in this assay did not predict their effectiveness when applied by fogging, probably because other factors, such as distribution, persistence, droplet size, or vapor pressure also influenced their effectiveness.     

Preliminary Study on the Activity of Phycobiliproteins against Botrytis cinerea

Phycobiliproteins (PBPs) are proteins of cyanobacteria and some algae such as rhodophytes. They have antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activity at the human level, but there is a lack of knowledge on their antifungal activity against plant pathogens. We studied the activity of PBPs extracted from Arthrospira platensis and Hydropuntia cornea against Botrytis cinerea, one of the most important worldwide plant-pathogenic fungi. PBPs were characterized by using FT-IR and FT-Raman in order to investigate their structures. Their spectra differed in the relative composition in the amide bands, which were particularly strong in A. platensis. PBP activity was tested on tomato fruits against gray mold disease, fungal growth, and spore germination at different concentrations (0.3, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4, and 4.8 mg/mL). Both PBPs reduced fruit gray mold disease. A linear dose–response relationship was observed for both PBPs against disease incidence and H. cornea against disease severity. Pathogen mycelial growth and spore germination were reduced significantly by both PBPs. In conclusion, PBPs have the potential for being also considered as natural compounds for the control of fungal plant pathogens in sustainable agriculture.     

橡胶木防霉防蓝变药剂的现场试验

现场试验的结果表明，F1/F2混剂处理的橡胶木圆盘、单板的防霉及防蓝变效果较F2及五氯酚钠要好。F1/F2及五氯酚钠各制剂处理的板材基本上无霉菌感染及蓝变。在真空加压试验中，0.02?可保持橡胶木板材在气干过程中12天基本不霉变及蓝变，但对白霉的防治效果较差；0.0094?与0.018?混合剂可保持像胶木板材气干时15天不长霉或蓝变，增加F1/F2的浓度可能会在气干时保持更长的时间。     

High level of resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in introgression lines derived from hybridization between wild crucifers and the crop Brassica species B. napus and B. juncea

Sclerotinia rot caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the most serious and damaging diseases of oilseed rape and there is keen worldwide interest to identify Brassica genotypes with resistance to this pathogen. Complete resistance against this pathogen has not been reported in the field, with only partial resistance being observed in some Brassica genotypes. Introgression lines were developed following hybridization of three wild crucifers (viz. Erucastrum cardaminoides, Diplotaxis tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum) with B. napus or B. juncea. Their resistance responses were characterized by using a stem inoculation test. Seed of 54 lines of B. napus and B. juncea obtained from Australia, India and China through an Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) collaboration programme were used as susceptible check comparisons. Introgression lines derived from E. cardaminoides, D. tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum had much higher levels (P < 0.001) of resistance compared with the ACIAR germplasm. Median values of stem lesion length of introgression lines derived from the wild species were 1.2, 1.7 and 2.0 cm, respectively, as compared with the ACIAR germplasm where the median value for stem lesion length was 8.7 cm. This is the first report of high levels of resistance against S. sclerotiorum in introgression lines derived from E. cardaminoides, D. tenuisiliqua and E. abyssinicum. The novel sources of resistance identified in this study are a highly valuable resource that can be used in oilseed Brassica breeding programmes to enhance resistance in future B. napus and B. juncea cultivars against Sclerotinia stem rot.     

制霉菌素抗饲料霉变性能的研究

以蛋鸭料为基础，分别在粉状料和颗粒料中添加制霉菌素、丙酸钙、霉敌３种抗真菌制剂，比较了三种抗真菌剂的抗饲料霉变功效．结果表明：颗粒料中的真菌比粉状料明显降低，３种抗菌制剂都有明显的抗真菌效果．其中制霉菌素与霉敌的抗霉菌生长效果优于丙酸钙，并能完全抑制黄曲霉、毛霉、根霉的生长，制霉菌素能显著降低饲料中黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１的含量．添加制霉菌素后粉状料的保质期为５０ｄ，颗粒饲料为６０ｄ，与霉敌基本一致：粉状料添加制霉菌素组比丙酸钙组保质期延长１０ｄ，颗粒料保质期可延长２０ｄ左右．几种处理条件下，当日粮中真菌总数发生明显变化时，饲料中ＣＯ２量也明显增加，因此，应用饲料中ＣＯ２含量作为衡量霉菌总数是一个比较敏感的指标．     

3 D打印技术在拖拉机零部件模具制造中的应用

随着科技发展对材料的不断需求,利用快速成形技术直接制造金属功能零件将会成为主要发展方向,3 D打印技术正在快速改变着人们传统的生产方式和生活方式。在拖拉机零部件的设计制造过程中,部分结构复杂的零部件往往采用铸造的方式,需要结构复杂的模具。为了提高模具的生产效率,将3D打印技术引入到了模具的设计制造过程中,有效地提高了模具的加工制造效率。为此,以拖拉机轴承座的设计制造为例,对方案的可行性进行了验证,并建立了轴承座的三维模型,最后通过软件切片的方式生产了3D打印模具的工艺文件。通过对传统加工方法和3D打印模具制造方法进行对比发现:采用3D打印技术对拖拉机部件进行设计制造,可以有效地缩短设计周期,减少设计工序,降低设计成本。     

纳米氧化锌处理马尾松材室外防霉及阻燃性能初步研究

以马尾松Pinus massoniana为试材,分别采用质量分数为2.0,10.0,20.0,40.0 g·kg-1的纳米氧化锌进行处理,比较了纳米氧化锌处理前后马尾松材防霉性能和阻燃性能的差异.结果表明:相同处理时间下,马尾松试件栽药量和防霉效果均随纳米氧化锌浸渍质量分数的增加而提高.纳米氧化锌处理马尾松材的霉变时间比未处理材霉变时间推迟3～4周,防霉效果良好.2.0 g· kg-1纳米氧化锌处理的马尾松材的点燃时间比未处理材延迟7s,20.0g·kg-1纳米氧化锌处理的马尾松材的总发烟量比未处理材低.纳米氧化锌对马尾松材的热释放速率、总热释放量、质量损失速率和平均有效燃烧热影响不明显.图4表3参12     

Quantitative resistance to Botrytis cinerea from Solanum neorickii

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is susceptible to gray mold (Botrytis cinerea). Quantitative resistance to B. cinerea was previously identified in a wild relative, S. neorickii G1.1601. The 122 F₃ families derived from a cross between the susceptible S. lycopersicum cv. Moneymaker and the partially resistant S. neorickii G1.1601 were tested for susceptibility to B. cinerea using a stem bioassay. Three putative quantitative trait loci (pQTL) were detected: pQTL3 and pQTL9 reducing lesion growth (LG) and pQTL4 reducing disease incidence (DI). For each pQTL, a putative homologous locus was identified recently in another wild tomato relative, S. habrochaites LYC4. pQTL3 was confirmed by assessing disease resistance in BC₃S₁ and BC₃S₂ progenies of S. neorickii G1.1601. pQTL4 was not statistically confirmed but the presence of the S. neorickii resistance allele reduced DI in all three tested populations. The reduction in LG of pQTL9 was not confirmed but rather, this locus conferred a reduced DI, similar to observations in the QTL study using S. habrochaites. The results are discussed in relation to other disease resistance loci identified in studies with other wild tomato relatives.     

辽宁省番茄叶霉病菌生理小种分化研究

１９９２ ～１９９６ 年,从辽宁省不同生态地区共采集番茄叶霉病菌标样６７ 份,采用国际通用的鉴别寄主进行生理小种鉴定,结果表明,该省番茄叶霉病菌以生理小种１．２ ．３ 为主,是当前生产上流行的优势小种,而１ ．２ ．３ ．４ 为稀有小种。