改良剂对粉砂质涂地土壤水稳定性团聚体形成和养分供应能力的影响

比较了国内外常用的3种结构改良剂（聚丙烯酰胺、β-环糊精和腐殖酸）对促进粉砂质涂地土壤水稳定性团聚体形成的效果,分析了应用结构改良剂对土壤养分供应能力的影响。结果表明,施用3种结构改良剂均可在一定程度上促进水稳定性团聚体的形成,水稳定性团聚体的数量随改良剂用量增加而增加。3种改良剂对水稳定性团聚体的改良效果由高至低顺次为：聚丙烯酰胺>β-环糊精>腐殖酸。聚丙烯酰胺和β-环糊精的适用量以0.20%为宜。施用腐殖酸对土壤氮、磷、钾养分供应影响不明显;但聚丙烯酰胺和β-环糊精可明显改变土壤养分的供应状况。对于施肥后再施用改良剂的土壤,土壤释放养分的能力有一定的减弱;而对于施改良剂后再施肥料,土壤对化肥中养分的吸持能力减弱,供肥能力增加。     

非褶菌目真菌多糖提取研究的进展

非褶菌目真菌是富含独特生理活性的多糖。现代医学和药理学的很多研究表明,非褶菌目真菌多糖是一类重要的生物反应调节剂,对肿瘤有显著的抑制作用。着重介绍了目前常见的几种非褶菌目真菌多糖提取纯化的研究进展。     

土壤结构改良剂对风沙土水稳性团聚体改良效果及机理的研究

采用PAM、β-环糊精、沃特保水剂、腐殖酸等4种土壤结构改良剂，通过室内土柱培养，以研究其对风沙土有效的改良效果，并探讨其作用机理和合理的施用浓度。结果表明，4种改良剂均可促进〉0．25mm水稳性团聚体的形成，在低浓度（0．05％～0．1％）下其趋势为：沃特保水剂〉β-环糊精〉PAM〉腐殖酸，在高浓度（0．2％～0．4％）下趋势为：PAM〉β-环糊精〉沃特保水剂〉腐殖酸。4种改良剂在浓度为0．05％～0．4％时，均可有效地降低风沙土团聚体的分形维数，改善风沙土结构，尤其沃特保水剂改良效果最明显。在低浓度下，4种改良剂均可有效地降低土壤容重。回归分析和方差分析表明，沃特保水剂主要作用于5～1mm粒径的团聚体，其适宜浓度为0．05％左右。     

Genetic control of kernel modification found in South African quality protein maize inbred lines

Summary The genetic control of endosperm modification in 12 opaque-2 maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines was investigated by means of a diallel cross experiment conducted across two environments. Kernel vitreousness and kernel hardness were determined by partially dominant genes. Additive gene action was largely responsible for kernel modification. A favourable general combining ability for kernel vitreousness and kernel hardness was positively correlated with an accumulation of dominant kernel modifying genes. South African sources of endosperm modifiers have been found to be similar to those used in other quality protein maize breeding programmes. Certain inbred lines displayed sufficient genetic potential for use in a quality protein maize hybrid breeding programme.     

Molecular characterization of endosperm and amino acids modifications among quality protein maize inbreds

Modifier loci in QPM play a vital role in achieving acceptable degree of kernel hardness and accumulation of lysine and tryptophan. This study was undertaken to characterize a set of diverse QPM inbreds using SSRs linked to endosperm and amino acids modifier loci for their effective utilization in the breeding programme. Significant variation was observed for endosperm modification (25–100% opaqueness), tryptophan (0.056–0.111%) and lysine (0.223–0.444%). Generally, inbreds with soft endosperm possessed more tryptophan and lysine than inbreds with higher vitreousness. SSRs generated 341 alleles with two to seven alleles per locus. The frequency of unique and rare alleles was more for amino acid modifications, compared to endosperm modifications. Phylogenetic analyses grouped the inbreds into three major clusters, and the study identified suitable crosses for accumulation of endosperm and amino acids modifiers. QPM inbreds with desirable modifications identified here would serve as suitable donor for both opaque2 and modifier loci in the marker‐assisted backcross breeding. Further, contrasting inbreds can be used for generating mapping populations to identify new modifier loci underlying both endosperm and amino acids modifications.     

改良剂对砷污染土壤中生菜生理指标的影响及评价

通过盆栽试验,模拟砷污染土壤,研究蛭石、白云石、磷石膏、草炭作为土壤改良剂对砷污染土壤中生菜的叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、生菜的细胞膜透性及可溶性糖含量的影响,为合理利用和改良砷污染土壤提供理论依据。研究结果表明,4种改良剂均能缓解砷的毒害作用,与对照相比均能明显提高生菜叶绿素含量(P<0.05),降低丙二醛含量。利用灰色关联综合评价可知,草炭(20g/kg)处理对改善生菜生理指标方面贡献值的关联度(0.9001)远大于其它处理,是改善生菜生理指标的最佳处理。     

1种新的对甲氧基苯甲醛的合成方法

[目的]研究1种新的对甲氧基苯甲醛的合成方法。[方法]选用选择性好、对环境无害的过碳酸钠作氧化剂,通过对催化剂的筛选,筛选出对甲基苯甲醚液相选择氧化的Co-Cu-Br催化体系,考察了添加不同离子对催化对甲基苯甲醚氧化合成对甲氧基苯甲醛的影响。[结果]Co（Ac）2-Cu（Ac）2-KBr复合体系具有较好的催化效果,在HAc溶剂,常压,65℃,n（Co）∶n（Cu）∶n（Br）=5∶1∶1,n（底物）∶n（Co＋Cu＋Br）=100∶1的条件下,转化率可达46.10%,生成对甲氧基苯甲醛的选择性为69.50%。相同的试验条件下,在反应体系中添加适量的Zr4＋或Hf^4＋,对甲基苯甲醚转化率可达60%左右,对甲氧基苯甲醛选择性为60%左右。同时添加Zr^4＋和Hf^4＋,当CZr^4＋=0.0320 mol/L,CHf^4＋=0.0880 mol/L时,底物转化率和醛选择性均约为70%。[结论]该方法是一种利于环保、节能,操作简单、安全的合成方法,具有较高的工业价值。     

土壤改良剂研究现状及其在南方旱坡地的应用前景

综述了土壤改良剂的研发概况以及土壤改良剂的分类、机理、应用效果及使用技术,并分析了土壤改良剂在南方旱坡耕地上的应用前景,指出施用土壤改良剂可明显改善南方旱坡耕地普遍存在的酸、毒、瘠、漏、板、蚀等多种障碍因素,可望成为提高旱坡耕地生产力的重要手段.