Comparisons of Three Recurrent Selection Methods in the Improvement of Maize Populations

The maize population Csyn 4 was improved for three cycles with three recurrent selection methods MS1, MS1-HS, and MHSRRS in northern China. A total of 40 NC Ⅱ testcrosses were made by four testers with Csyn 4 and 10 improved populations, which were evaluated in four environments in the cropping season of 2005. Analysis of variance indicated a significant progress （P〈 0.05） in yield and other chief agronomic traits in the improved populations and testcrosses, demonstrating that the three recurrent selection methods were effective for increasing grain yield of testcrosses and improvement of general combining ability in maize population. The average grain yield increase of population Csyn 4 in MS1, MS1-HS, and MHSRRS recurrent selections was 266.7 kg ha^-1 （5.3%）, 288.0 kg ha^-1 （5.7%）, and 231.3 kg ha^-1 （4.6%） per cycle, while the grain yield of S 1 progeny of population for Csyn 4 was increased by 420.0 kg ha^-1 （10.9%）, 376.0 kg ha^-1 （9.8%）, and 414.7 kg ha^-1 （10.8%） per cycle in MS1, MS1-HS, and MHSRRS recurrent selections, respectively. Linear responses （b） in the MS1, MS1-HS, and MHSRRS recurrent selections were the same as the realized responses of the selection （G） for grain yield increase of Csyn 4 and S1 progeny of the populations. The grain yield of testcrosses increased by 3.3-5.2% on average per cycle. The value of heterosis did not display any differences amongst the different cycles of selections. The GCA for yield component traits of population Csyn 4 was improved significantly by means of three selection methods, whereas the GCA for plant height, ear height, days to silking, and days to pollen did not show significant increase in the recurrent selections. GCA for the number of tassel branches were decreased in the selections, while GCA for the number of plant leaves were increased, but the difference was not significant.     

转基因牛多重PCR检测方法的建立

为建立一种快速检测转基因牛的多重PCR方法,针对牛线粒体16 S rRNA基因(BOS mtD-NA16 S rRNA,BOS)、转基因动物常用标记基因新霉素磷酸转移酶基因(NPT Ⅱ)、人乳铁蛋白编码基因(human laetoferrin gene,hLF)、人-α-乳清蛋白编码基因(human α-lactalb...     

Serological Survey of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in the Domestic Goose (Anser domestica) in Southern China

In the present study, the antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in 191 farm‐bred and 83 house‐bred geese (Anser domestica) were assessed for the prevalence of T. gondii infection in southern China with the modified agglutination test. Antibodies to T. gondii (MAT ≥ 1 : 5) were found in 27 (14.14%) of farm‐bred geese and 14 (16.87%) of house‐bred geese. Geese infected with T. gondii may be a source of T. gondii infection for humans and cats.     

转基因大豆外源基因的漂移风险

转基因作物外源基因的漂移已为国内外学者所证实。我国每年进口转基因大豆的数量巨大,转基因大豆外源基因的漂移对我国传统的大豆作物和生态环境是一个潜在威胁。本文论述了转基因大豆的概况和外源基因漂移的风险,并对进境转基因大豆的检测监管进行了思考。     

Analysis of the seed dispersal patterns of wild soybean as a reference for vegetation management around genetically modified soybean fields

There are concerns that genetically modified soybean might threaten the genetic diversity of the wild soybean populations that are distributed in East Asia because genetically modified soybean has no crossing barrier with wild soybean. A simple and effective method to prevent hybridization via pollen flow is spatial separation between the two species because their hybridization occurs only when they grow in close proximity. Therefore, the invasiveness of wild soybean needs to be known in order to secure the appropriate distances. As wild soybean seeds are dispersed mechanically by pod dehiscence, an experiment was conducted in which white sheets were placed on the ground, concentric circles were drawn around the parent plants, and the number of dispersed seeds within each 0.5 m‐wide zone were counted. About 40% of the produced seeds were dispersed and the number of dispersed seeds gradually declined as the distance from the parent plants increased. The model that explained the relationship between the number and distance of the dispersed seeds was produced by using a generalized linear model procedure. More than 95, 99, and 99.9% of the produced seeds stayed within 3.5, 5.0, and 6.5 m after natural pod dehiscence. Knowing these values is useful for evaluating the level of invasive risk by mechanical seed dispersal. The goal of the work is to efficiently and deliberately prevent hybridization by isolating genetically modified soybean fields and wild soybean populations by vegetation management, including weeding and setting up specific‐width buffer zones.     

An empirical approach to target DNA quantification in environmental samples using real-time polymerase chain reactions

Recent advances in molecular techniques have allowed for the routine examination of nucleic acids in environmental samples. Although current methodologies are very sensitive, accurate target DNA quantification from environmental samples remains challenging. To facilitate high-throughput DNA quantification from environmental samples, we developed a novel DNA quantification method based on a non-linear curve-fitting approach to extract additional information from quantitative PCR amplification curves and used the fitted parameters to develop multiple regression standard equations for target DNA quantification. A 3-parameter sigmoidal function performed superior to a 4-parameter Weibull function for generating the multiple regression standard equations. In a verification experiment, target DNA was quantified in a series of ‘unknown’ samples in three soils using this approach and the results were compared to target DNA values determined using corrected and uncorrected Ct-based (threshold cycle) methods. For each method, the deviations from the expected target DNA content were determined. Results clearly showed that over all DNA concentrations, target DNA content determined by the non-linear curve-fitting method was more accurate and more precise than values predicted by all other methods. Analysis of variance conducted on the predicted DNA contents also revealed fewer statistical artifacts with the non-linear curve fitting method compared to the conventional Ct-based methods. The novel approach described here is accurate, inexpensive, and very amenable for automation and high-throughput applications.     

猪卵母细胞在不同条件下的体外成熟培养

研究了不同时间段添加外源激素及不同基础培养液和血清有无对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响。实验包括（1）猪卵母细胞以TCM199＋10％FBS＋10IU／mL pregnant more serum gonadotrophin（PMSG）＋10IU／mL human chorion gonadotrophin（hCG）＋2．5IU／mL follicle stimulate hormone（FSH）为成熟培养液体外培养44h，前22h在培养液中加激素，后22h不加激素及前22h不加激素，后22h添加激素和添加激素连续培养44h；（2）以实验（1）中激素添加的方案在体外添加激素连续培养44h，对不同基础培养液（TCM199粉剂、TCM199原液和改良TCM199（mM199））对猪卵母细胞体外成熟进行了研究；（3）以实验（2）中筛选出的mM199组为成熟培养液对比血清有无对猪卵母细胞体外成熟的影响。结果表明，实验（1）中3种激素添加不同时间段其成熟率分别为45．67％、45．29％和46．07％，对猪卵母细胞体外成熟无显著影响（P〉0．05）；实验（2）中，mM199组的成熟率（54．10％）高于TCM199粉剂组的成熟率（46．16％）及TCM199原液组的成熟率（47．14％），但差异不显著（P〉0．05）；实验（3）中无血清组的成熟率（67．10％）高于有血清清组的成熟率（52．22％），差异显著（P〈0．05）。由此表明，mM199＋10IU／mL PMSG＋10IU／mL hCG＋2．5IU／mL FSH是一种适合于猪卵母细胞体外成熟的培养液，体外成熟率达67．10％。     

Suppression of root-knot disease by Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 in tomato: importance of bacterial secondary metabolite, 2,4-diacetylpholoroglucinol

The antimicrobial metabolites 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG) and pyoluteorin contribute to the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens strain CHA0 to control plant diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens. P. fluorescens strain CHA0 and its derivatives CHA89 (antibiotics-deficient) and CHA0/pME3424 (antibiotics overproducing) were investigated as potential biocontrol agents against Meloidogyne javanica the root-knot nematode. Exposure of root-knot nematode to culture filtrates of P. fluorescens under in vitro conditions significantly reduced egg hatch and caused substantial mortality of M. javanica juveniles. Nutrient broth yeast extract (NBY) medium amended with 2% (w/v) glucose or 1 mM EDTA markedly repressed hatch inhibition activity of the strain CHA0 but not that of CHA0/pME3424 or CHA89. On the other hand, NBY medium amended with glucose significantly enhanced nematicidal activity of the strain CHA0/pME3424. Neither glucose nor EDTA had an influence on the nematicidal activity of the strains CHA0 and CHA89. Under in vitro conditions, antibiotic overproducing strain CHA0/pME3424 and CHA0 expressed phl‘-’lacZ reporter gene but strain CHA89 did not. Expression of the reporter gene reflects actual production of DAPG. In general, CHA0/pME3424 expressed reporter gene to a greater extent compared to its wild type counterpart CHA0. Regardless of the bacterial strains, reporter gene expression was markedly enhanced when NBY medium was amended with glucose but EDTA had no such effect. A positive correlation between the degree of juvenile mortality and extent of phl‘-’lacZ reporter gene expression was also observed in vitro. Strain CHA0 produced zones of 4-6 mm on MM medium containing gelatin while strain CHA0/pME3424 and CHA89 did not. When MM medium containing gelatin was amended with 2% glucose of 1 mM EDTA size of haloes produced by the strain CHA0 reduced to 2 mm. Under glasshouse conditions aqueous cell suspension of the strains CHA0 or CHA0/pME3424 at various inoculum levels (10⁷, 10⁸ or 10⁹ cfu ml⁻¹) significantly reduced root-knot development. CHA89 caused significant reduction in galling when applied at 10⁹ cfu ml⁻¹. To better understand the mechanism of nematode suppression, split root bioassay was performed. Split-root experiments, that guarantee a spatial separation of inducing agent and a challenging pathogen, showed that soil treatment of one half of the root system with cell suspension of CHA0 or CHA0/pME3424 resulted in a significant systemic induced resistance leading to reduction of M. javanica infection of tomato roots in the non-baterized nematode treated half. The results clearly suggest that the antibiotic 2,4-DAPG from P. fluorescens CHA0 act as the inducing agents of systemic resistance in tomato roots. Populations of CHA0 and its derivatives declined progressively by 10-fold between first and fourth harvests (0-21 days after inoculation). However, bacterial populations increased at final harvest (28 days after application).     

玉米中转基因成分筛查策略

根据商业化转基因玉米外源基因元件信息,构建玉米转基因检测分子特征矩阵,并根据元件信息建立转基因玉米的筛查检测策略。结果表明:利用CaMV35S启动子、NOS终止子2个元件的组合,可完成对现有转基因玉米转化事件的筛查检测,检测灵敏度可达到1g/kg。该筛查方法可对玉米中的转基因成分进行快速、高灵敏度的筛查。     

不同薄膜自发气调包装对西兰花的保鲜效果

为探讨适合西兰花的自发气调包装材料,用0.02 mm的双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)、聚丙烯(PP)和聚乙烯(PE)薄膜对西兰花进行自发气调包装,5℃下贮藏30d。结果表明,3种自发气调包装处理不同程度地改善西兰花的保鲜效果。其中,BOPP包装的保鲜效果最好,贮藏30d仍有较高的质量属性和外观属性,叶绿素、维生素C、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白等营养物质均保持较高的水平,同时霉变率、切口褐变率、MDA和相对电导率处于最低水平。PP包装效果次之,PE包装效果较弱。因此,BOPP适宜作为采后西兰花的自发气调包装材料。