两种重要储粮害虫的无公害防治技术研究

通过３种虫生真菌、2种苏云金杆菌粉剂(Bt-1和Bt-2)及48%乐斯本乳油对生活在小麦中的谷蠹、长角扁谷盗进行毒力试验,结果表明：Bt-1粉剂对两种储粮害虫具有较高的毒力,对谷蠹LD50为15.75ug/g,对长角扁谷盗LD50为8.06ug/g;三种虫生真菌对这两种害虫侵染力较弱,最高校正死亡率仅为55.0%。48%乐斯本乳油对两种储粮害虫的熏蒸效果较好,在0.80ml/L浓度下,谷蠹、长角扁谷盗死亡率均达到100.0%。     

基于RS和GIS的农田防护林对作物产量影响的评价方法

在区域尺度评价农田防护林对作物产量的影响对于农田防护林建设和经营管理具有重要意义。该文提出了一种基于遥感(remote sensing,RS)和地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)技术的农田防护林对作物产量影响的评价方法。首先利用多时相遥感影像识别农田防护林的经营阶段和和生长状态,建立农田防护林防护效应的综合判定模式;其次采用机制法,通过光、温、水、土逐级衰减,计算作物生产潜力,并基于遥感影像和光能利用率模型估算作物单产;最后构建农田防护林对作物产量影响的评价方法体系。基于该方法,在吉林省长春市北部的农田防护林重点建设区选择样区,评价了该区2009年农田防护林对玉米产量的影响。结果表明,农田防护林在一定程度上将会促进玉米增产。尤其在自然条件较差的低产区,农田防护林的增产作用更加显著,增产率达到8.85%;而在高产区,增产率约为2.4%,但是由于胁地效应的影响,在部分地区可能造成减产。因此,在农田防护林的规划建设中,应根据不同的立地条件,因地制宜,在占地面积最小的情况下,达到稳产增产的作用,实现农田防护林的最大防护效应。该研究丰富了在区域尺度研究农田防护林防护效应的技术方法,可以更加科学合理的评价区域尺度上农田防护林的增产效益,并为农田防护林的经营管理提供科学依据。     

吉林中部粮食主产区相对资源承载力分析

本研究采用几何相对资源承载力模型,对吉林中部粮食主产区1989-2008年相对资源承载力进行了分析,明确了吉林中部粮食主产区相对资源承载力变化态势,为引导农村剩余劳动力合理流动、发展农业经济提供支持。研究结果显示:1989-2000年粮食主产区处于人口和经济承载力双重富余,经济发展不足;2001-2008年人口承载力富余,经济发展较好;水土资源对于相对承载力贡献较大,经济资源对相对承载力贡献逐渐上升;相对于山东、河南、两湖地区等我国主要粮食产区,吉林中部粮食主产区处于人口、经济富余,相比黑龙江,粮食主产区人口承载力相对富余;基于时间序列分析,吉林省粮食主产区相对承载力呈现出波动变化。     

A method for under-bark detection of the wood grain angle radial dependence

Abstract

Twist in wood, being closely related to spiral grain, may cause serious problems in building structures, furniture and joinery. It is therefore of great interest to sort out, at an early stage in the manufacturing process, trees, logs and boards that have an excess of spiral grain. The spiral grain pattern is described by a helical deviation of the fibre direction in relation to the longitudinal direction of a living tree or a log and seems to be an indicator for other defects such as compression wood. Remote microwave sensing of spiral grain has received a lot of interest during the past two decades. Its development has been impeded by the large variation with moisture content of the microwave properties of wood and by the complexity in modelling the electromagnetic field in a log with spiral grain. A review is presented of a direct method with no requirement for information on moisture content for boards. This procedure has recently been generalized to cylindrical logs and trees having a constant slope of the grain. A further generalization is presented here to allow for the normal spiral grain pattern with radially changing slope of grain in wood under bark. Based on this theory, a measurement procedure is proposed for the detection of wood grain angle with radial dependence, requiring no information on moisture content in the sapwood, which is also applicable to completely or partially frozen wood. A suitable application would be an instrument to use in the forest for measurements on living trees or logs.     

Old and New Cultivars of Soya Bean (Glycine max L.) Subjected to Soil Drying Differ in Abscisic Acid Accumulation,Water Relations Characteristics and Yield

Two old (Huangsedadou and Longxixiaohuangpi (LX)) and two new (Jindou 19 (JD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars were used to investigate the influence of soil drying on the abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in leaves, stomatal conductance (g_s), leaf water relations, osmotic adjustment (OA), leaf desiccation tolerance, yield and yield components. The greater ABA accumulation was induced by soil drying, which also inducing g_s decreased at higher soil water contents (SWC) and leaf relative water content (RWC) significantly decreased at lower SWC in the new soya bean cultivars than in the old soya bean cultivars. The soil water threshold between the value at which stomata began to close and the RWC began to decrease was significantly broader in the new cultivars than in the old cultivars. The new cultivars had significantly higher OA and lower lethal leaf water potential than old cultivars when the soil dried. The old cultivars had greater biomass, but lower grain yield than the new cultivars in well‐watered, moderate stress and severe stress conditions. Thus with soil drying, the new soya bean cultivars demonstrated greater adaptation to drought by inducing greater ABA accumulation, stomatal closure at higher SWC, enhanced OA and better water relations, associated with increased leaf desiccation tolerance, greater water use efficiency and higher yield.     

变量施肥条件下冬小麦长势及品质变异遥感监测

卫星遥感数据能够在作物生长期内获取大范围“面状”地物光谱信息,反映作物的长势变异情况,以2005－2006年度国家精准农业研究示范基地冬小麦变量施肥试验为基础,以高空间分辨率卫星遥感影像Quickbird为数据源,结合地面获取的冬小麦品质、产量等数据,研究冬小麦长势及品质的变异情况。研究结果表明,Quickbird光谱参数能够反映冬小麦不同施肥处理小区的长势变异,而冬小麦早期的空间长势变异与其最终产量、品质变异有着密切的关系;冬小麦孕穗后期长势光谱信息与其产量有着很好的正相关关系,而与其品质信息存在着显著的负相关关系,其中OSAVI与产量的相关性达到0.536、GNDVI与冬小麦籽粒蛋白质及湿面筋含量的相关性分别达到了-0.531和-0.535;研究还发现,不同植被指数所反映的作物长势存在一定差异,反映冬小麦群体长势的植被参数和反映冬小麦叶绿素密度的植被指数在指示作物空间长势变异上有所不同。因此,利用遥感影像监测作物长势及其品质空间变异在技术上是可行的。     

Evidence that a Leaf-Disk Test Allows Assessment of Isolate-Specific Resistance in Brassica oleracea Crops Against Downy Mildew (Peronospora parasitica)

A rapid resistance/susceptibility test for Peronospora parasitica (downy mildew) was established by inoculating leaf-disks of four Brassica oleracea accessions. Several conditions were tested: disk disinfection or not, agar medium with or without nutrients and with 50 or 100 ppm of benzimidazole. Using disinfected disks placed on agar (no nutrient and benzimidazole at 50 or 100 ppm), the responses of leaf-disks to four isolates were similar to those obtained using the classical cotyledon test, whereas undesired contaminations occurred in all other conditions. The possible effect of the particular leaf used for obtaining the disks was also studied. In each incompatible interaction tested, disks were resistant whatever the leaf used. In compatible interactions, susceptible phenotypes were observed on disks derived from the six lowest leaves, but disks from upper leaves were resistant. The genetic basis of resistance in a F1 hybrid broccoli was assessed, by testing six isolates on an F2 population derived from this hybrid. The cotyledon test only allows inoculation of two isolates per seedling, whereas many isolates can be tested on each plant by using leaf-disks. The segregation of the resistance to each of the six isolates was analysed: two dominant genes (tightly linked) control resistance to all isolates (one to five isolates; the other to only one isolate).     

基于不同夏作物-冬小麦种植制度的黄土高原东部农田土壤物理质量研究

黄土高原东部农田土壤物理质量下降是限制该地区农业生产的重要因素之一,合理的种植制度能够改善土壤物理质量。本试验于2016年设置连续夏绿豆-冬小麦(MB-WW,T₁)、2年夏玉米-冬小麦+2年夏绿豆-冬小麦(2 a SC-WW+2 a MB-WW,T₂)及连续夏休闲-冬小麦(SF-WW,T₃) 3种种植制度,分析实施第3和4年的土壤物理质量,以探索潜在的适宜于改善研究区土壤物理质量的种植制度。结果表明：T₁处理下冬小麦收获后0~30 cm各土层毛管孔隙度较T₂和T₃处理分别显著提高了19.20~28.49%和18.86~31.86%。此外T₁处理夏播作物收获后,10~20 cm土层土壤储水量较T₂显著增加了6.37%,20~30 cm土层土壤质量含水量和储水量较T₂处理分别显著增加了7.87%和4.70%。相较于T₃,冬小麦和夏播作物收获后T₁和T₂处理下土壤容重、总孔隙度和土壤固、液、气三相比偏离值没有得到明显的改善。综上所述,绿豆-冬小麦种植制度对土壤物理质量有一定的改善,采用连续夏绿豆-冬小麦种植制度可能是改善黄土高原东部农田土壤物理质量潜在的措施之一。     

水稻品种的耐低磷性及其农艺生理性状

【目的】 本研究旨在探明水稻耐低磷性的评价指标和耐低磷品种的农艺生理特征。【方法】以11个江苏省近70年来的代表性粳稻品种作为材料,进行水培种植,设置低磷(标准营养液中磷浓度的1/20)处理,以正常磷浓度(国际水稻研究所标准营养液配方)为对照。【结果】 耐低磷指数(低磷产量×耐低磷系数/所有供试品种低磷处理的平均产量)、干物质指数(低磷干物质量/对照干物质量)与耐低磷系数(低磷产量/对照产量)及低磷处理下的产量呈显著或极显著正相关。将耐低磷指数和干物质指数作为评价水稻品种耐低磷性的指标。根据两指标值的大小将供试品种分成3类：强耐低磷品种,耐低磷指数和干物质指数均≥1;中耐低磷品种,耐低磷指数和干物质指数均>0.6, 耐低磷指数或干物质指数<1;弱耐低磷品种或低磷敏感型品种,耐低磷指数或干物质指数≤0.6。与弱耐低磷品种相比,强耐低磷品种在低磷处理下具有根量大、根系活力强,分蘖早期分蘖数多,总叶面积指数(LAI)和高效LAI大、有效LAI比例高,库容量大,抽穗期茎鞘中糖积累量多,抽穗至成熟期物质生产能力强等特征。与对照相比,低磷处理增加了磷素产谷利用率(稻谷产量/磷吸收量)和磷收获指数(籽粒中磷/成熟期植株中总吸收的磷)。在低磷下的磷素产谷利用率,强耐低磷品种高于弱耐低磷品种。【结论】 耐低磷指数和干物质指数可以作为耐低磷品种的筛选指标;在低磷处理下,根量大、分蘖早期分蘖数多、库容量大、抽穗至成熟期物质生产能力强是耐低磷性强和磷利用效率高水稻品种的重要农艺生理特征。     

玉米品种穗部性状差异及其对籽粒脱水的影响

【目的】玉米籽粒脱水速率快、收获期含水率低是适宜机械粒收品种的基本要求。穗部性状是玉米遗传基础的直观表现,与籽粒脱水有较紧密的联系,探寻二者之间的关系、明确影响籽粒脱水速率的关键指标,对于适宜机械粒收品种的选育和筛选具有重要意义。【方法】本研究以黄淮海夏玉米区当前主推的22个品种为研究对象,按苞叶、籽粒、穗轴和穗柄等部位将穗部性状分为41个指标参数,于2015—2016年进行连续观测,并与衡量籽粒脱水快慢的5个参数(生理成熟前籽粒脱水速率、生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率、籽粒总脱水速率、生理成熟期籽粒含水率和收获期籽粒含水率)进行相关分析。【结果】41个穗部指标在品种间均存在极显著差异,其中部分指标与籽粒脱水特征密切相关。苞叶长度与生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率显著负相关,与收获期籽粒含水率显著正相关;"苞叶长度/果穗长度"与生理成熟后籽粒脱水速率显著负相关;果穗夹角与籽粒总脱水速率显著正相关;穗轴生理成熟期含水率与籽粒生理成熟期、收获期含水率均呈极显著正相关关系;穗粒数与生理成熟前籽粒脱水速率、总脱水速率分别达到极显著、显著水平的负相关关系;"果穗长度/行粒数"与籽粒生理成熟前、后和总脱水速率分别呈显著或极显著正相关关系,与收获期籽粒含水率呈显著负相关关系;生理成熟期百粒干重与籽粒含水率呈显著负相关关系;而穗部其他性状与籽粒脱水速率、生理成熟期和收获期籽粒含水率均无显著相关性。【结论】黄淮海区域现有玉米品种穗部性状差异较大,苞叶短、穗轴生理成熟期含水率低、果穗夹角大、穗粒数少、籽粒小等穗部特征有利于籽粒脱水,可为适宜机械粒收品种的筛选和选育提供参考。