离子强度和磷酸盐对铁铝矿物及土壤吸附As（V）的影响

选用针铁矿、赤铁矿、水铁矿、水铝矿4种铁铝矿物以及性质差异较大的黑土、紫色土和红壤3种土壤,研究离子强度和磷酸盐对其吸附As（V）的影响。结果表明,在0．01、0．1、1mol·L^-13种离子强度下,矿物和土壤对As（V）的吸附量无明显差异或随离子强度增大而增大,其对砷的吸附以专性吸附为主。磷酸盐对矿物和土壤吸附砷的影响与其添加顺序及摩尔浓度比有关。水铝矿和水铁矿在这3种添加顺序下的砷吸附量无明显差异,仅在P／As摩尔比较大时表现出下降趋势;而在针铁矿和赤铁矿两种矿物上,先添加砷时的砷吸附量高于先添加磷时或两者同时添加时,且砷吸附量随WAs摩尔比的增加而逐渐下降。在黑土、紫色土和红壤上,先添加砷比先添加磷或两者同时添加时的砷吸附量均要高,尤其是在紫色土上。随P／As摩尔比升高,土壤对砷的吸附量表现出下降趋势。     

Preparation nutritional value and acceptability of barleyrabadi — an indigenous fermented food of India

Rabadi fermentation of barley flour-buttermilk mixture (fresh and autoclaved) at 30, 35 and 40°C for 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h lowered pH, enhanced titratable acidity and did not change fat and total mineral (Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and P) content. Protein content of fermented fresh as well as autoclaved barley flour-buttermilk mixture either decreased or remained unchanged.Rabadi prepared from both types of barley flour at different temperatures and time periods was acceptable; but that which was fermented at 40°C for 48 h was less acceptable in terms of taste.     

Nutritional value of some non-conventional plant foods of India

Thirteen non-conventional foods including fruits, leaves and grains consumed in various parts of the Indian subcontinent were analysed for their nutritional value. Khejri beans (Prsopsis cineria), Pinju (Capparis decidua) and Kachri (Cucumis species) contained considerable amounts of protein (15–18%). Kachri was rich in fat (13%). Bhakri (Tribulus terristris), Gullar (Ficus glomerata) and Peehl (Salvadora oleoides) were found to be rich sources of calcium; Gullar contained about 15 times the amount of calcium present in wheat. Phosphorus content of Santhi (Boernavia diffusa), Khejri beans, Bhakri, Pinju and Lehsora (Cordia dichotoma) were noticeable. Zinc was present in high amounts in Peepalbanti (Ficus religiosa) and Gullar; as was iron in Santhi and Bhakri and manganese in Santhi. Besides iron, zinc and calcium, Pinju contained appreciable amounts of -carotene and vitamin C. However, Santhi contained high amounts of oxalic acid.     

土壤钾素转化的影响因素及其研究进展

土壤中各种形态的钾之间存在着动态的平衡,这些平衡受一定因素的影响。本文主要从粘土矿物类型、土壤水分状况、温度、pH、肥料施用以及陪伴离子等方面对土壤钾素转化的影响因素进行了综述,可以归纳为:①以2∶1型粘土矿物为主的土壤吸附K 的结合能较小,易解吸;而以1∶1型粘土矿物为主的土壤吸附K 的结合能较大,吸附的K 不易解吸。②土壤干湿变化对钾素转化的影响因速效钾含量的高低而有明显的区别。③在0~40℃温度范围内,增温能使交换性钾离子减少,而水溶性钾离子浓度则相应增加。④pH对土壤钾素转化的影响比较复杂。⑤氮肥中的NH4 因与K 离子具有相似的离子半径和水化能而对土壤钾素的有效性产生显著的影响。最后展望了钾素转化领域未来的发展方向和研究热点。     

铜和邻苯二胺在水相中和矿物上交互作用的研究

采用室内分析测定方法，研究了铜和邻苯二胺在水相以及高岭石和蒙脱石上的交互作用过程。结果表明，在纯水体系中邻苯二胺与铜发生了明显的络合反应，通过等摩尔法推导得出邻苯二胺与铜的络合系数为2，表观络合常数约在10^7数量级，且随酸度的变化而改变；邻苯二胺的存在降低了铜在高岭石上的吸附量；而在蒙脱石体系中，邻苯二胺的存在则增加了铜的吸附量，并随邻苯二胺浓度的增加这种作用更加明显。与此同时，邻苯二胺均降低了游离态铜在平衡溶液中的含量，而且铜的存在也相应降低了溶液中游离态邻苯二胺的浓度。该研究对于深入理解复杂体系中复合污染物之间交互作用过程具有一定的参考意义。     

湖北省主要类型水稻土供钾能力的研究——Ⅱ.土壤中钾的形态和含钾矿物

以湖北省十五种主要类型水稻土为研究对象,分析确定土壤钾的形态和含钾矿物的类型及其相对量以探明土壤供钾能力。试验表明:位于鄂南水稻土的各形态钾含量较低,土壤中含钾原生矿物主要为难分解的白云母和长石,粘土矿物以高岭石为主。由湖积物、花岗片麻岩、鄂北Q_3母质以及鄂西北红砂岩发育的水稻土,各形态钾含量较为丰富,或土壤中含有较多的易风化钾矿物,其粘土矿物以水云母为主。由花岗片麻岩发育的土壤含钾量主要集中于粗粒部分,而其他土壤含钾量主要聚集于粉粒和粘粒中。15种土壤供钾潜力与成土母质,土壤地带性分布以及钾的风化系数之间有密切的联系。     

深层发酵樟芝营养成分的测定

采用常规检测方法测定深层发酵樟芝菌丝体中的营养成分脂肪酸、氨基酸、麦角甾醇、总三萜的含量,用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定矿物质的含量.结果表明:樟芝中粗脂肪的质量分数为11.61%,其中饱和脂肪酸占12.6%,不饱和脂肪酸占87.4%;粗蛋白的质量分数为34.20%,菌丝体干粉中总氨基酸含量为270.68 mg.kg-1;樟芝含有常量元素K、Na、P、Ca、Mg和多种人体所需的微量元素Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu、Mo、Cr、Se、Sr;樟芝中麦角甾醇的含量为19.55 mg.g-1,总三萜的含量为2.8125 mg.g-1.樟芝功效成分含量的测定有利于进一步探索其多种保健功能.     

生态岩类森林土壤矿物质的养分释放初步研究（Ⅰ）──长石质森林土壤矿物质的钾素释放

正长岩和花岗岩森林土壤矿物质的钾素释放研究，得出了我国暖温带半湿润地区山地土壤矿物质的钾素释放量、年平均释放速率、释放度、缓效性钾素贮量和待释放年限，初步解决厂长石质森林土壤矿物质释放养分有关测定和计算的一系列问题，从而进一步开拓了生态岩类在森林土壤养分方面的研究和应用，研究结果表明长石质岩类森林土壤矿物质所释放的钾素，完全可以满足这一地区主要造林树种松、栎纯林及其混交林吸收利用的需要，同时也使森林养分循环收支平衡系统的定量计算更趋完整。长石质森林土壤的林地和苗圃地一般无需施用钾肥。     

Effect of calcareous and siliceous amendments on N2O emissions of a grassland soil

Liming of acidic agricultural soils has been proposed as a strategy to mitigate nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions, as increased soil pH reduces the N₂O/N₂ product ratio of denitrification. The capacity of different calcareous (calcite and dolomite) and siliceous minerals to increase soil pH and reduce N₂O emissions was assessed in a 2-year grassland field experiment. An associated pot experiment was conducted using homogenized field soils for controlling spatial soil variability. Nitrous oxide emissions were highly episodic with emission peaks in response to freezing–thawing and application of NPK fertilizer. Liming with dolomite caused a pH increase from 5.1 to 6.2 and reduced N₂O emissions by 30% and 60% after application of NPK fertilizer and freezing–thawing events, respectively. Over the course of the 2-year field trial, N₂O emissions were significantly lower in dolomite-limed than non-limed soil (p < .05), although this effect was variable over time. Unexpectedly, no significant reduction of N₂O emission was found in the calcite treatment, despite the largest pH increase in all tested minerals. We tentatively attribute this to increased N₂O production by overall increase in nitrogen turnover rates (both nitrification and denitrification) following rapid pH increase in the first year after liming. Siliceous materials showed little pH effect and had no significant effect on N₂O emissions probably because of their lower buffering capacity and lower cation content. In the pot experiment using soils taken from the field plots 3 years after liming and exposing them to natural freezing–thawing, both calcite (p < .01) and dolomite (p < .05) significantly reduced cumulative N₂O emission by 50% and 30%, respectively, relative to the non-limed control. These results demonstrate that the overall effect of liming is to reduce N₂O emission, although high lime doses may lead to a transiently enhanced emission.     

泥沙矿物成分对混凝土材料磨蚀的影响

中国多沙河流居多,水流中泥沙是由不同矿物成分（石英,长石,白云石等）组成,含沙高速水流中泥沙矿物成分对泄洪建筑物混凝土材料磨蚀有何影响令人关注。该研究在自主研发的小型循环式水洞中,对不同含沙量的泥沙矿物成分进行试验研究,以揭示泥沙矿物成分对混凝土材料磨蚀破坏影响的机理。首先在循环式水洞内配制不同矿物成分（石英、长石、白云石、云母、辉石）、不同含沙量（S=2.5,12.0,20.0 kg/m³）的挟沙水流,利用压力数据采集系统（YE6263）实时采集空化区和磨蚀区压力;其次,试验采用强度相同的混凝土试件,在相同粒径、不同含沙量、不同矿物成分工况下,进行历时4 h的磨蚀试验,通过试件每小时的质量损失来表征磨蚀量。试验结果表明：在中值粒径为 0.150 mm,喉部流速为 38.6 m/s的条件下,随着矿物含沙量（2.5～20.0 kg/m³）的增加,空化区压力降低,磨蚀区压力升高,压力降、升幅度随矿物成分而异,空化磨蚀现象严重,试件累积磨蚀量与矿物含沙量呈线性相关。含沙量相同时,空化区测点压力随矿物摩氏（Mohs）硬度（2.5～7.0）的增大而降低,磨蚀区测点压力则随矿物硬度的增大而升高;混凝土试件配合比、龄期不变时,混凝土试件的磨蚀程度随矿物含沙量的增加而加剧,其磨蚀量增加一倍多,与矿物成分有关;当矿物硬度增加时,磨蚀程度也随之加剧,磨蚀量成倍增长。由此得出,泥沙矿物成分随其含沙量的增加和硬度的增大,对水流空化和混凝土磨蚀具有促进作用。该研究可为农业水利工程中泄洪建筑物（溢洪道、泄洪洞、消力池等）及渠系建筑物的设计和维护提供参考。