A model for simulating rock–water interactions in a weathering profile subjected to frequent alternations of wetting and drying

Physically based equations for unsaturated groundwater flow and solute transport have been coupled with kinetic rate laws for mineral dissolution–precipitation, and mass balance/mass action equations for aqueous species, in a numerical model that is capable of simulating rock–water interactions in a weathering profile subjected to fluctuating boundary conditions. A numerical experiment was conducted to demonstrate how incipient soil development may proceed in a warm subhumid environment. The simulation involved a hypothetical coarse-textured parent material that was subjected to frequent wetting and drying during an annual water cycle. The hypothetical weathering profile evolved rapidly; dissolution of primary minerals (enstatite, forsterite, and diopside) and precipitation of secondary clay–minerals (kaolinite and Ca-montmorillonite) occurred monotonically despite the abrupt fluctuations in soil-moisture content. In contrast, the activities of aqueous species and dissolution–precipitation rates of calcite were very sensitive to the changing moisture conditions in the upper part of the profile. Although the simulation involved numerous simplifying assumptions, reasonable results were achieved and the calculated (from the model) rate of chemical denudation fell within the range of contemporary denudation rates determined from the dissolved loads of rivers.     

硅酸盐细菌对矿粉和土壤的解钾作用研究

以含钾矿粉和土壤为材料,用硅酸盐细菌进行解钾试验。结果表明,硅酸盐细菌对不同类型矿粉的解钾能力不同：炭渣＞石骨子＞绿豆岩＞正长石。解钾量与矿粉粒径密切相关,随矿粉粉径的减小而增加：ｙ＝９．６７５ｘ－０．７２１,ｒ＝－０．９９２＊＊。硅酸盐细菌接到土壤后长期培养,可增加土壤中的速效钾,但其增加量不稳定。土壤的营养条件对硅酸盐细菌的解钾效果有一定影响。     

Preparation of Extruded Snacks with Flavored Flour Obtained from the Carcasses of Nile Tilapia: Physicochemical,Sensory, and Microbiological Analysis

This study aimed to develop extruded snacks including flour obtained from Nile tilápia carcasses, and then evaluate the chemical composition, colorimetry, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and microbiology. There was a significant increase in the levels of crude protein, ether extract, ash, and minerals, as well as a reduction in carbohydrates as more flour was included in the snacks. Increased levels of flavored flour caused reduction in the brightness of snacks. Oxidative rancidity was not detected in snacks. The inclusion of flour improved the nutritional value of extruded snacks without changing sensory characteristics. Microbiologically, the snacks are suitable for human consumption.     

Effect of residence time on the kinetics of nonexchangeable ammonium release from illite and vermiculite

The fraction of nonexchangeable ammonium (NH₄⁺) can play an important role in N cycling of soils as a sink (fixation) or a source (release) of NH₄⁺. Recently fixed nonexchangeable NH₄⁺ especially seems to be a significant source for N release. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of residence time on the kinetics of nonexchangeable NH₄⁺ release from illite and vermiculite. Calcium-saturated illite and vermiculite, containing NH₄⁺ that was “fixed” for one and 60 d, were extracted with a H-resin for 0.25 to 384 h. Both clay minerals “fixed” significantly more NH₄⁺ in 60 d than in 1 d, but vermiculite “fixed” more NH₄⁺ than illite. The kinetics of nonexchangeable NH₄⁺ release from illite and vermiculite were well described by the Elovich equation and by a heterogeneous diffusion model. In vermiculite the percentage of nonexchangeable NH₄⁺ release decreased from 84% to 78% when the time of fixation increased from 1 to 60 d. In illite time of residence has not influenced the complete release of newly fixed NH₄⁺.     

天然有机质和金属离子在矿物表面的共吸附

天然有机质(NOM)在土壤、沉积物和水体等环境中无处不在,其中富里酸和胡敏酸是主要形态。富里酸及胡敏酸活性高,易与天然矿物颗粒和金属离子发生相互作用,影响矿物的表面化学特性以及金属离子的形态与迁移性,进而在控制环境中金属离子的生物有效性和毒性等方面起重要作用。本文主要综述了富里酸和胡敏酸等NOM和金属离子在矿物表面共吸附特性与主要影响因素,归纳了表面络合模型和现代光谱技术在上述三元体系研究中的应用及其反应机制研究进展。NOM在较大程度上改变了金属离子在矿物表面的吸附特性和反应机制,并受体系pH、金属离子类型和浓度、NOM浓度、NOM和金属离子的添加顺序、矿物类型等因素的影响。低pH时,NOM通常促进矿物对金属离子的吸附。NOM和金属离子在矿物表面的共吸附机制包括:NOM和金属离子竞争吸附表面活性吸附位点;在溶液中形成NOM-金属离子络合物;形成金属离子桥接矿物表面位点与NOM的A型三元络合物(矿物-金属离子-NOM)或NOM联接矿物表面与金属离子的B型三元表面络合物(矿物-NOM-金属离子);静电作用改变表面电荷特征。最后展望了天然有机质等配体与金属离子在矿物表面共吸附有关的研究热点和方向。     

Mineral contents of the muscle tissue and the digestive gland of Octopus vulgaris during short‐term starvation

We used spectrometry to study variation in the contents of minor (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and major essential elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na and P) in the muscle tissue and digestive glands of Octopus vulgaris after 1, 2, 4 or 8 days of starvation and in fed controls. The contents of the major essential elements remained constant during 8 days of starvation. Na was the principal element found in both tissues, followed by K, P and Mg. The contents of the minor essential elements were higher in the digestive gland than in the muscle tissue, with increased contents of Fe, Mn and Zn (p < .05) during starvation, confirming the high capacity of this organ to accumulate trace minerals. In muscle tissues, B, Fe and Mn contents were lower and Cu and Zn contents higher, in starved animals than in fed animals (p < .05). Significant negative correlations between the digestive gland index and the contents of Cu, Fe and Zn suggested that the loss of weight of the digestive gland during starvation is responsible for this increase in mineral concentration. This and further information on variation in mineral content will help to optimize performance of diets formulated for the octopus.     

缺Fe/Zn及盐胁迫下苋菜对Cd及矿质元素的吸收与IRT1表达的关系

选用Cd低累积品种白梗尖叶苋菜(B)和高累积品种花红苋菜(H)2个苋菜品种,采用水培法分别研究了在缺Fe、缺Zn和盐胁迫3种处理条件下2个苋菜品种对矿质元素以及cd的累积特征,并通过测定2个品种不同处理根部IRT1(铁离子转运蛋白)的表达量,建立了缺Fe/Zn及盐胁迫下苋菜对Cd及矿质元素的吸收与IRT1表达的关系。结果表明,3个处理组中2个苋菜品种生物量均显著低于对照组,缺Fe以及缺Zn处理显著促进了2个苋菜品种对Cd以及矿质元素的累积,而盐胁迫显著抑制了苋菜对Cd的累积,同时促进了其对矿质元素的累积(P0.05)。不同处理下,Zn、Fe相关转运基因IRT1的表达差异显著,IRT1表达量的增加可以促进植物对Cd、Fe、Zn、Mn、Mg等元素的吸收(P0.05)。     

Effect of applications of organic solid cattle manure on Hungarian vetch and barley intercropping mixtures grown on soils of different depths

Sloping fields on soils of shallow depth to tillage are commonly left uncultivated in many parts of the world. This study was conducted to compare the effects on morphological traits, dry‐matter (DM) yield, legume ratio (LR), crude protein content (CP), crude protein yield (CP yield) and mineral concentrations (N, P, K, S, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, B and Zn) of Hungarian vetch (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grown in intercropping mixtures in response to three rates of organic solid cattle manure application (M₀: 0, M₁: 10, M₂: 20 t ha^?1). Experimentation was conducted on soils of two different soil depths [shallow (8–12 cm; low‐medium erosion risk) and normal soil depth (18–22 cm; no erosion risk)] on a sloping field in the 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 growing seasons at Gumushane, Turkey. Herbage harvested on the shallow depth area had 22–73% less DM yield, 14–72% less CP yield, 6–9% greater CP content and generally higher minerals contents than herbage from the normal soil depth area. Cattle manure applications increased DM yield by about 23%, increased CP content and CP yield, and also increased the contents of most minerals in herbage of the intercropping mixtures, relative to the control, averaged over the two soil depths. It is suggested that, for areas with shallow soil depths that are prone to erosion, plant cover should be used for forage production, and that fertilization with solid cattle manure at 20 t ha^?1 can support production of quality forage of acceptable DM yield.     

Study of Photo and Thermoluminescence Properties to Identify Irradiated Dried-Fishery Products

ABSTRACT

Radiation-specific luminescence properties in irradiated dried-fishery products (pollack, little pollack, clams, and shrimp) were investigated at different dose levels (0–10 kGy). Photostimulated luminescence (PSL) analysis of whole samples was effective for dried clams and shrimp, while low PSL sensitivity was observed in dried pollack and little pollack. Thermoluminescence (TL) analysis was conducted after isolation of silicate minerals, in which the two methods of mineral isolation—density separation and acid hydrolysis—were compared. Irradiated samples were easily distinguishable through the strong TL glow curves, with maximum peaks in temperature range of 150–250°C. TL ratios (TL₁/TL₂) were < 0.1 for nonirradiated samples, while > 0.1 for irradiated. There was a clear effect of applied irradiation dose, with a negligible effect of the method used for mineral separation. The mineral composition showed that feldspar and quartz minerals were mainly responsible for the well-characterized luminescence behavior upon irradiation.     

Color Removal from the Dark Muscle of Alaskan Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) Fillets and Minces Using Peroxide

The effectiveness of hydrogen peroxide (0.85-2.0% by weight) and sodium tripolyphosphate (0-2.0% by weight) at different pH (pH 4.5-10.5) applied as a surface treatment or by injection into the fillet for bleaching the dark muscle of Alaskan pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) was evaluated. At a pH of 8.5-10.5 combinations 0.85-2% sodium tripolyphosphate and 0.85-2% hydrogen peroxide were effective in reducing the color of the dark muscle in intact fillets and minces. At higher levels of peroxide, lightening was generally accompanied by higher yellow (+b) values for fillets and minced dark muscle tissue.