重庆三峡库区农村生活污水排放特征及影响因素分析

为了解重庆三峡库区农村生活污水排放特征,正确评价农村生活污染状况,选取重庆三峡库区3个行政区中不同经济收入水平、有无下水设施的18户典型农户为监测对象,对其生活污水日产生量、pH、COD、TP、TN、TAN等6项指标进行了连续12月的跟踪监测。结果表明,18户对象农户生活污水人均日产生量、pH、COD、TP、TN、TAN等指标的平均水平分别为：15.22 L·cap-1·d-1、6.67、838.93 mg·L-1、4.19 mg·L-1、53.60 mg·L-1、13.39 mg·L-1,具有人均污水日产生量明显低于而各特征指标的浓度明显高于城镇生活污水的特点;COD、TP、TN、TAN浓度随季节的变化表现出夏季浓度较低,冬季浓度较高的规律,且COD、TP、TN、TAN浓度之间具有显著的正相关性。此外,利用SPSS软件对影响农村生活污水排放特性的地域、季节、农户收入水平和有无下水设施等因素进行了分析,其结果显示：农村生活污水人均日产生量的主要影响因素为地域,COD的主要影响因素为地域、收入水平和季节,TP的主要影响因素为地域、有无下水, TN和TAN的主要影响因素为季节。     

设施和露天栽培下有机菜地土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用的比较研究

矿化作用和硝化作用是土壤氮素转化的主要途径,通过室内培养试验,对设施和露天栽培方式下有机菜地土壤氮素的矿化与硝化作用进行了比较研究。结果表明,除培养第1d外,设施有机菜地土壤氮素矿化量、矿化率在整个培养期间都显著高于露天有机菜地土壤;设施有机菜地土壤硝化量、硝化率在培养前两周内高于露天有机菜地土壤;设施有机菜地土壤矿化与硝化作用总体比露天有机菜地土壤强烈。矿化作用可能与全氮、C/N、微生物活性关系密切,而硝化作用强弱可能与微生物活性有关。无论施肥与否,设施有机菜地土壤N2O排放速率在培养期间总体高于露天有机菜地土壤,前者N2O累积排放量显著高于后者,这可能与土壤C/N有关。     

Impact of land-use types on soil nitrogen net mineralization in the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing,China

Changes of land-use type (LUT) can affect soil nutrient pools and cycling processes that relate long-term sustainability of ecosystem, and can also affect atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and global warming through soil respiration. We conducted a comparative study to determine NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ concentrations in soil profiles (0–200 cm) and examined the net nitrogen (N) mineralization and net nitrification in soil surface (0–20 cm) of adjacent naturally regenerated secondary forests (NSF), man-made forests (MMF), grasslands and cropland soils from the windy arid and semi-arid Hebei plateau, the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing, China. Cropland and grassland soils showed significantly higher inorganic N concentrations than forest soils. NO₃⁻-N accounted for 50–90% of inorganic N in cropland and grassland soils, while NH₄⁺-N was the main form of inorganic N in NSF and MMF soils. Average net N-mineralization rates (mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹) were much higher in native ecosystems (1.51 for NSF soils and 1.24 for grassland soils) than in human disturbed LUT (0.15 for cropland soils and 0.85 for MMF soils). Net ammonification was low in all the LUT while net nitrification was the major process of net N mineralization. For more insight in urea transformation, the increase in NH₄⁺ and, NO₃⁻ concentrations as well as C mineralization after urea addition was analyzed on whole soils. Urea application stimulated the net soil C mineralization and urea transformation pattern was consistent with net soil N mineralization, except that the rate was slightly slower. Land-use conversion from NSF to MMF, or from grassland to cropland decreased soil net N mineralization, but increased net nitrification after 40 years or 70 years, respectively. The observed higher rates of net nitrification suggested that land-use conversions in the Hebei plateau might lead to N losses in the form of nitrate.     

耕作制度对紫色水稻土根际与非根际土壤有机碳矿化的影响

以稻田免耕长期定位试验点为平台,研究耕作制度对紫色水稻土根际与非根际土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,不同耕作制度下稻田土壤有机碳日均矿化量均表现前期快速下降而后逐渐趋于平稳,培养结束时有机碳日均矿化量仅为第1天的3.1%～6.7%;另外,实行稻油轮作可有效降低土壤有机碳矿化速率。垄作免耕(中稻-油菜)处理有机碳日均矿化量、累积矿化量及矿化强度均为根际大于非根际土壤,而其他处理则是根际小于非根际土壤。稻田根际与非根际土壤有机碳平均日均矿化量随培养时间均符合幂函数变化规律,在62d培养期内,除第1天外,非根际土壤平均日均矿化量均大于根际土壤平均日均矿化量,差异变幅范围为67.0%～98.7%。各处理稻田根际与非根际土壤有机碳日均矿化量、累积矿化量和矿化强度均与其相应pH显著相关;根际与非根际土壤间有机碳日均矿化量和累积矿化量差异均与其微生物生物量碳、氮含量显著相关。     

添加秸秆对土壤矿质氮量、微生物氮量和氮总矿化速率的影响

采用室内恒温培养法,研究了在乌沙土上添加15N标记秸秆后,秸秆15N在矿质氮、微生物氮和土壤不同组分中的分配情况,并应用氮同位素库稀释法测定了秸秆在乌沙土上的氮总矿化速率。结果表明:将秸秆添加到土壤后,微生物氮量显著增加,而土壤矿质氮量在14天时迅速下降。随着秸秆的分解,秸秆15N进入矿质氮库和微生物氮库,矿质15N在第7 d时最高,占到添加秸秆15N的6.7%,微生物15N在第14 d最高,占到添加秸秆15N的18.1%,随后矿质15N和微生物15N量都下降。56 d时,仍有50.8%的秸秆氮没有分解掉,5.4%的秸秆15N进入土壤53μm~2 mm组分,15.5%进入2~53μm组分,14.6%进入小于2μm组分,有13.6%的秸秆氮损失掉。在培养开始时,乌沙土的氮总矿化速率为2.81 mg kg-1d-1,秸秆在乌沙土上的氮总矿化速率分别为2.50 mg kg-1d-1。     

水肥耦合对树莓光合特性和果实品质的影响

通过在田间利用防雨棚和测坑设施进行试验,研究水肥耦合对树莓光合特性及果实品质的影响。结果表明:土壤水分适度时适量增施肥料有利于树莓叶片净光合速率(Pn)提高,控制肥料施入可有效降低树莓叶片的蒸腾速率(Tr)和提高细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci);肥料适度时适量提高土壤水分有利于提高树莓叶片的净光合速率(Pn)和叶片气孔导度(Gs),控制土壤含水量有利于树莓叶片的蒸腾速率(Tr)降低和细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)的提高。在施肥水平相同的条件下,适中的土壤含水量有利于果实中有机酸、可溶性糖和SOD营养物质的积累,充足的土壤含水量有利于果实中可溶性固形物和Vc含量的积累。土壤含水量控制在32%以上,施肥量在460.95kg/hm2水平有利于树莓光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)的提高和午休时间的缩短;土壤含水量控制在26.2%以上,施肥量在270kg/hm2水平有利于降低树莓的蒸腾速率(Tr)和提高树莓果实品质。     

包装形式对辐照调理鸡肉理化特性的影响

为探明不同包装协同抗氧化剂对辐照调理鸡肉理化指标的影响,对添加抗氧化剂的辐照调理鸡肉分别采取普通包装、真空包装及气调包装后经5kGy辐照处理,4℃下贮藏,分别在辐照的第0、3、7、10、14、18和21天对鸡肉pH值、TBA值、TVB-N值及色度a*值进行测定.结果表明:添加抗氧化剂结合气调包装的调理鸡肉在贮藏期间pH...     

黄土丘陵沟壑区地表过程响应单元划分及其地形特征提取

地表过程解析与调控是保障人与自然和谐相处的重要途径,高效、合理地划分地表过程响应单元则是开展地表过程研究的重要前提.针对黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀的地形地貌分异特征,提出在小流域内以沟谷线、山脊线、分水线和沟缘线相互交叠,构成具有相对均一坡向、坡度与坡位的地表过程响应单元,在ArcGIS9.2中,以Hc-DEM为基础数据,通过确定沟谷线、山脊线、分水线和沟缘线的提取方法,以及响应单元平均坡度、整体坡向、面积与周长等地形特征的测算技术,实现地表过程响应单元的快速划分及其地形特征的高效提取.研究结果对促进黄土丘陵沟壑区以土壤侵蚀为代表的地表过程研究具有重要的基础意义.     

冬季抗旱措施对小麦耗水特征与生育性状的影响

在2010—2011年小麦生长季节降水量为47.7 mm条件下,采用冬季抗旱处理时期(1月28日、2月12日、2月27日)、冬季抗旱措施与春一水灌水量组合(冬季喷灌+春一水灌水量75 mm、漫灌措施+春一水灌水量75 mm,冬季覆盖牛粪措施+春一水灌水量90 mm)2因素设计,研究了河北低平原区高产条件下冬小麦耗水特征和生育性状。结果表明:各处理的小麦全生育期总耗水量为384.93~464.24 mm,产量水分利用效率为15.23~20.87 kg·hm-2·mm-1。播种到越冬期和起身到灌浆期是小麦耗水量较大的时期。同一处理时期不同水肥措施下,随灌水量的增加,耗水量有增加趋势,水分利用效率与灌溉水利用效率有降低趋势;其中以牛粪覆盖措施小麦产量和灌水利用效率最高,喷灌措施小麦产量水分利用效率高于漫灌。同期不同水肥措施对小麦干物质再分配的影响表现为:牛粪覆盖措施和对照促进了小麦开花前营养器官贮存的同化物向籽粒再分配,喷灌和漫灌提高了小麦开花后干物质积累量和籽粒中来自花后积累干物质的比例。不同处理时期同一水肥措施比较,随处理时期推迟籽粒产量有增加趋势。以上结论可为指导小麦冬季田间旱情补救措施提供理论依据。     

Film fully-mulched ridge-furrow cropping affects soil biochemical properties and maize nutrient uptake in a rainfed semi-arid environment

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.