连续投影算法融合信息熵选择霉变玉米高光谱特征波长

运用高光谱技术鉴别玉米霉变等级时,因光谱波段数多、数据量大、信息冗余度高,使鉴别工作难度加大。为了减少数据量,获得最有利于鉴别的高光谱信息特征波长,本研究提出了一种连续投影算法(SPA)融合信息熵的特征波长选择方法。首先,对霉变玉米样本高光谱数据运用多元散射校正(MSC)进行光谱预处理以消除噪声,然后利用SPA对处理过的光谱进行波长初选,得到8个初选特征波长,再通过信息熵原理处理初选特征波长下的图像信息,获得最佳特征波长。结果表明,运用SPA融合信息熵法得到有利于霉变玉米鉴别的最佳波长为819 nm,提取该波长下霉变玉米图像的纹理特征后,采用Fisher判别分析(FDA)进行鉴别,6个等级霉变玉米的鉴别正确率高达98.6%,充分证明所给出的特征波长选择方法是有效的。本研究特征波长选择方法可为更好地运用高光谱技术鉴别玉米霉变等级提供指导。     

Impacts of wetting-drying cycles on short-term carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Amynthas earthworm casts

Effects of earthworm casts on soil nutrient dynamics and their responses to changing moisture availability in subtropical ecosystems remain poorly understood. This study aimed to examine short-term carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) dynamics and their interactions with wetting-drying cycles in three different structural forms(i.e., granular, globular, and heap-like) of Amynthas earthworm casts. The rates of C and N mineralization in the earthworm casts were examined under two different wetting-drying cycles(i.e., 2-d and 4-d wetting intervals) using a rainfall simulation experiment. After three simulated rainfall events, subsamples of the earthworm casts were further incubated for 4 d for the determination of CO_2 and N_2O fluxes. The results of this study indicated that the impacts of wetting-drying cycles on the short-term C and N dynamics were highly variable among the three cast forms, but wetting-drying cycles significantly reduced the cumulative CO_2 and N_2O fluxes by 62%–83% and 57%–85%, respectively, when compared to the control without being subjected to any rainfall events. The C mineralization rates in different cast forms were affected by the amount of organic substrates and N content in casts, which were associated with the food preference and selection of earthworms. Meanwhile, the cumulative N_2O fluxes did not differ among the three cast forms. Repeated wetting and drying of casts not only enhanced aggregate stability by promoting bonds between the cast particles, but also inhibited microbial survival and growth during the prolonged drying period, which together hindered decomposition and denitrification. Our findings demonstrated that the interactions between the structural forms, aggregate dynamics, and C and N cycling in the earthworm casts were highly complex.     

近50年冬小麦主产区农业气候资源变化特征分析

在冬小麦主产区内选取113个气象站点的1961-2008年逐日气象资料,应用Mann-Kendall突变检测和气候线性倾向率方法,分析冬小麦生育期内农业气候资源变化趋势和特征。结果表明：研究区域近50a冬小麦生育期内≥0℃积温呈明显的增加趋势（P〈0.01）,90年代初期以来,≥0℃积温增加趋势更加显著（P〈0.05）;冬小麦生育期内的降水量变化趋势不显著,也不存在突变现象,但降水量年际间变化较大;冬小麦生育期内参考作物蒸散量的变化趋势不显著,80年代出现弱的减少趋势（P〈0.1）,90年代以后有弱的增加趋势（P〈0.1）;冬小麦生育期内的初霜冻日期呈推迟趋势（P〈0.01）,终霜冻日期呈提前趋势（P〈0.01）,导致霜冻日长度呈减少趋势。21世纪初初霜冻日的推迟趋势、终霜冻日的提前趋势更加显著（P〈0.05）。     

有机酸对红壤磷素吸附特性的影响

以不同供磷水平的旱地红壤为材料,探讨了柠檬酸、酒石酸和草酸对红壤磷素吸附特性的影响。试验结果表明,经有机酸培育后的红壤磷的吸附曲线与Langmuir方程吻合性很好,相关系数可达0.949~0.999。有机酸可使磷的吸附曲线类型发生转变,柠檬酸可使土壤磷的吸附等温线由第Ⅱ类型转化为第Ⅲ类型,酒石酸可改变CK与NPK处理的吸附类型,而草酸没有影响。柠檬酸可使土壤的Xm降低30%~75.3%,以PM处理中的降低程度最大。酒石酸和草酸却在不同程度上使土壤的Xm增大,二者可使Xm分别增加0.8~2.3倍和0.1~0.3倍。三种有机酸均可减小平衡常数K值,提高土壤磷素的吸附饱和度,对磷素吸附特征值的影响程度大小顺序为:柠檬酸>酒石酸>草酸。在磷素利用率低的红壤中,增施有机肥或配施有机肥是提高土壤磷素生物有效性的最佳途径。     

黄土高原南部人工林林冠对降雨特征的影响分析

林冠降雨特征是森林水文作用的重要机制,同时也是植被在水土保持作用中的重要内容。以黄土高原南部常见乔木刺槐、元宝枫、桉树为研究对象,以滤纸色斑法为基本实验原理,观测了该地区天然降雨15场,分别取得3种乔木冠下雨滴谱200份。通过对比分析林冠内外降雨特征,得到以下结论:林冠降雨特征与林外降雨特征有显著区别;林下雨滴分布呈现近似的正态分布,大雨滴数量较林外明显增多;林冠下雨滴中数直径（D₅₀）受降雨强度的影响很小,且在降雨强度小于0.1 mm/min时,林冠下D₅₀大于林冠外,当雨强大于0.1 mm/min,林外D₅₀有大于林内的趋势;降雨动能与雨滴中数直径有着相似的变化趋势。     

长期施肥和秸秆还田对红壤水稻土氮素分布和矿化特性的影响

为明确长期施肥和秸秆还田对稻田土壤生态系统氮素循环过程的影响,探索维持稻田土壤长期供氮潜力的途径,利用始于1990年的湖南红壤水稻土长期定位试验,研究了长期施肥和秸秆还田对水稻土剖面氮素迁移分布和C/N的影响,比较了不同温度下土壤氮素矿化曲线变化和不同施肥方式氮素矿化动态差异,分析了氮素累积矿化量与有效积温的关系。结果表明,长期施肥或秸秆可以促进红壤水稻土氮素的积累,其主要影响020cm土层,而化肥和秸秆配合施用作用更明显;长期施NPK化肥使土壤C/N降低,而秸秆还田使土壤C/N明显升高。在两种温度下的土壤矿质氮含量和累积矿化量曲线比较相似,10℃下土壤矿化速率达到稳定所需的时间要比30℃下长;30℃下不同施肥处理之间的矿化过程存在显著差异,而10℃下的差异较小,其在56d内矿化出来的矿质氮是10℃下的近两倍。化肥NP（仅施化肥NP）及NP+C（施化肥NP+秸秆还田）处理均有较高氮素矿化量,秸秆还田对土壤氮素矿化的促进作用比仅施化肥明显。在30℃下,土壤积累矿化量与有效积温的关系较好地符合有效积温方程式（EATM）（p0.01）。仅施化肥处理和对照方程中的K值相差不大,而秸秆还田与化肥配施处理方程的K值则有增大趋势,NPK+C（施化肥NPK+秸秆还田）处理的矿化潜力较大,且养分供应能力较强;秸秆配施化肥处理方程中n值的绝对值有减小趋势。随着培养时间延长,秸秆还田配施化肥处理土壤的累积矿化量保持在一个较稳定范围。     

重庆三峡库区农村生活污水排放特征及影响因素分析

为了解重庆三峡库区农村生活污水排放特征,正确评价农村生活污染状况,选取重庆三峡库区3个行政区中不同经济收入水平、有无下水设施的18户典型农户为监测对象,对其生活污水日产生量、pH、COD、TP、TN、TAN等6项指标进行了连续12月的跟踪监测。结果表明,18户对象农户生活污水人均日产生量、pH、COD、TP、TN、TAN等指标的平均水平分别为：15.22 L·cap-1·d-1、6.67、838.93 mg·L-1、4.19 mg·L-1、53.60 mg·L-1、13.39 mg·L-1,具有人均污水日产生量明显低于而各特征指标的浓度明显高于城镇生活污水的特点;COD、TP、TN、TAN浓度随季节的变化表现出夏季浓度较低,冬季浓度较高的规律,且COD、TP、TN、TAN浓度之间具有显著的正相关性。此外,利用SPSS软件对影响农村生活污水排放特性的地域、季节、农户收入水平和有无下水设施等因素进行了分析,其结果显示：农村生活污水人均日产生量的主要影响因素为地域,COD的主要影响因素为地域、收入水平和季节,TP的主要影响因素为地域、有无下水, TN和TAN的主要影响因素为季节。     

设施和露天栽培下有机菜地土壤氮素矿化和硝化作用的比较研究

矿化作用和硝化作用是土壤氮素转化的主要途径,通过室内培养试验,对设施和露天栽培方式下有机菜地土壤氮素的矿化与硝化作用进行了比较研究。结果表明,除培养第1d外,设施有机菜地土壤氮素矿化量、矿化率在整个培养期间都显著高于露天有机菜地土壤;设施有机菜地土壤硝化量、硝化率在培养前两周内高于露天有机菜地土壤;设施有机菜地土壤矿化与硝化作用总体比露天有机菜地土壤强烈。矿化作用可能与全氮、C/N、微生物活性关系密切,而硝化作用强弱可能与微生物活性有关。无论施肥与否,设施有机菜地土壤N2O排放速率在培养期间总体高于露天有机菜地土壤,前者N2O累积排放量显著高于后者,这可能与土壤C/N有关。     

Impact of land-use types on soil nitrogen net mineralization in the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing,China

Changes of land-use type (LUT) can affect soil nutrient pools and cycling processes that relate long-term sustainability of ecosystem, and can also affect atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and global warming through soil respiration. We conducted a comparative study to determine NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻ concentrations in soil profiles (0–200 cm) and examined the net nitrogen (N) mineralization and net nitrification in soil surface (0–20 cm) of adjacent naturally regenerated secondary forests (NSF), man-made forests (MMF), grasslands and cropland soils from the windy arid and semi-arid Hebei plateau, the sandstorm and water source area of Beijing, China. Cropland and grassland soils showed significantly higher inorganic N concentrations than forest soils. NO₃⁻-N accounted for 50–90% of inorganic N in cropland and grassland soils, while NH₄⁺-N was the main form of inorganic N in NSF and MMF soils. Average net N-mineralization rates (mg kg⁻¹ d⁻¹) were much higher in native ecosystems (1.51 for NSF soils and 1.24 for grassland soils) than in human disturbed LUT (0.15 for cropland soils and 0.85 for MMF soils). Net ammonification was low in all the LUT while net nitrification was the major process of net N mineralization. For more insight in urea transformation, the increase in NH₄⁺ and, NO₃⁻ concentrations as well as C mineralization after urea addition was analyzed on whole soils. Urea application stimulated the net soil C mineralization and urea transformation pattern was consistent with net soil N mineralization, except that the rate was slightly slower. Land-use conversion from NSF to MMF, or from grassland to cropland decreased soil net N mineralization, but increased net nitrification after 40 years or 70 years, respectively. The observed higher rates of net nitrification suggested that land-use conversions in the Hebei plateau might lead to N losses in the form of nitrate.     

耕作制度对紫色水稻土根际与非根际土壤有机碳矿化的影响

以稻田免耕长期定位试验点为平台,研究耕作制度对紫色水稻土根际与非根际土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,不同耕作制度下稻田土壤有机碳日均矿化量均表现前期快速下降而后逐渐趋于平稳,培养结束时有机碳日均矿化量仅为第1天的3.1%～6.7%;另外,实行稻油轮作可有效降低土壤有机碳矿化速率。垄作免耕(中稻-油菜)处理有机碳日均矿化量、累积矿化量及矿化强度均为根际大于非根际土壤,而其他处理则是根际小于非根际土壤。稻田根际与非根际土壤有机碳平均日均矿化量随培养时间均符合幂函数变化规律,在62d培养期内,除第1天外,非根际土壤平均日均矿化量均大于根际土壤平均日均矿化量,差异变幅范围为67.0%～98.7%。各处理稻田根际与非根际土壤有机碳日均矿化量、累积矿化量和矿化强度均与其相应pH显著相关;根际与非根际土壤间有机碳日均矿化量和累积矿化量差异均与其微生物生物量碳、氮含量显著相关。