Agricultural polymers polyacrylamide preparation,application and prospects in soil conditioning

Abstract

This reviews 509 articles via 505 refs. cover the period 1906–80. It surveys acrylamide preparation, polymerization by radiation and handling. A cheap method for PAM production is prospected.

Chemical and technological means of solving tillage problems, soil reclamation and arable land creation are reviewed. The role of PAM on soil physico‐chemical properties, irrigation requirements and crops yield is discussed. Modification of PAM for imparting chemical and bacteriological fertilities besides conditioning soils is also prospected. This possibly creates cheaply arable fertile lands.     

Blade or petiole analysis as a guide for grape nutrition

Abstract

The leaf opposite the first fruit cluster was used for the investigation of grape nutrition at bloomtime and ripening. The data show that blade analysis and petiole analysis are both suitable for the assessment of the nutrient status in the case of P, K, Mg and Ca. However, the data obtained for nitrogen differ markedly, depending on the organ considered.

For phosphorus and potassium, the differences in nutrient content between vineyards as well as the seasonal variations are better reflected by petiole analysis. This effect, which should be favourable to the diagnosis, is paralleled by a wider scattering of the nutrient levels; as a result, the differences observed in the petiole are not statistically more significant than those in the blade.

Under relatively homogeneous conditions (same variety, same climate), the differences induced by variable parameters (soil type, sampling times, years) appear to be fluctuating, so that nutrient reference levels cannot be recommended, whether for the blade or the petiole. Both sampling modes (blade or petiole) are complementary to each other and could therefore be used advantageously for a better control of grape nutrition and fertilization.     

Greenhouse evaluation of growth parameters related to birdsfoot trefoil and red and white clover production on an and IC mission silt loam

Abstract

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus tenius), red clover (Trifolium pratense) and white clover (Trifolium repens) were evaluated as potential forage legumes on andic soils. A greenhouse study was used to evaluate the influence of soil pH on: (1) the establishment and growth of these forage legumes, (2) N and P quantity and concentration, and (3) Rhizobium lupini and Rhizobium trifolii survival.

Aluminum sulfate and finely‐ground calcium carbonate were used to adjust soil pH. Soil pH's were 4.8, 5.1, 5.6, 6.2, 6.4, 6.9, 7.0 and 7.4. Birdsfoot trefoil, red clover and white clover were grown in 15 cm pots in the greenhouse and harvested five times at approximately 20‐day intervals. Yield was measured and plant material was analyzed for total N and P. Populations of R. lupini and R. trifolii were monitored using the MPN technique.

Manipulation of pH in the Mission soil was found to have a significant effect on the growth of the three forage legumes, tissue N and P concentration and uptake, and on the survival of R. lupini and R. trifolii in the soil. In general, tested parameters increased with increasing soil pH. Greatest forage yield occurred in the 6.9–7.0 pH range. The andic nature of the Mission soil requires a pH adjustment above pH 6.2 for acceptable establishment and yields of the three forage legumes studied. This is in sharp contrast to non‐andic northern Idaho soils where forage legume yields are usually not adversely affectea above pH 5.5. All three legumes appeared to have good potential ana should be evaluated under field conditions.     

Influence of irrigation and growth stage on element concentrations of soybean plant parts

Abstract

A three‐year field study was conducted to determine the influence of irrigation on the nutrition of the “Lee 74” cultivar, a determinate soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). The objectives were to measure seasonal concentrations of N, K, Ca, and Mg in steins, leaves, and pods for soybeans grown on a Crowley silt loam (Typic Albaqualf) and a Kobel clay (Vertic Fluvaquent) under irrigated and nonirrigated moisture regimes. Fluctuations in element concentrations in relation to plant growth stage for irrigated and nonirrigated leaves and stems were modeled using multivariate regression. Elements in the pods as effected by irrigation and growth stage were also compared.

During 1974, a wet year, element concentrations of the leaves, stems, and pods were unaffected by irrigation. In the dry years of 1975 and 1976, significant differences in the concentration of N, K, Ca, and Mg in the plant component parts were found due to irrigation. Generally, element concentrations of stems, leaves, and pods of irrigated plants were greater than those of water‐stressed stems, leaves, and pods at several growth stages. Element concentrations in stems and leaves that were significantly affected by irrigation also were reflected in the pods, Regression models generally accounted for the majority of the seasonal element variation. Irrigation improved the predictability of the K and Ca regression models.     

The DRIS for interpretation of coastal bermudagrass analysis

Abstract

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were developed for three high‐yield Coastal bennudagrass populations that were selected from soil fertility studies that contained six rates each of N, P, and K. Norms from the high‐yield population that was based on a single yield level at a given harvest date were considered most suitable. The relative importance of criteria used to select suitable diagnostic parameters was discussed along with composition of index equations. The norms developed from Coastal bennudagrass grown on an Aquic Fragiudalf soil in south Louisiana accurately predicted yield responses to N, P and K applications at that location and to P, S, and Mg applications on Typic Paleudult soils in north Louisiana. A computer generated DRIS balance chart was designed to provide a visual interpretation of individual sets of DRIS indices.     

Boron partitioning in B‐sprayed and unsprayed fruiting twigs of hazelnut

Abstract

Following B sprays, fruit set increase in ‘Barcelona’ hazelnut was accompanied by a decrease in dry‐matter accumulation for the entire fruiting twig. In unsprayed controls prior to 5 June, leaves constituted 80% of the total dry weight of a fruiting twig. Later in the season (5 Aug.) the percent dry weight was maximum in the nut tissue (66%), followed by leaves (17%), and then husks (13%). Leaves contained 87% of the total B in a fruiting twig early in the season, indicating that the leaf was a major sink for B at that time. Of the net B increases over a 2 months period, 24% was in the leaves, 38% in the nuts, and 37% in the husks. By 5 Aug., compared to other tissues, stem dry matter (3%) and B content (32) was negligible; hence, the stem was of little importance in overall partitioning. Boron sprays did not alter B partitioning in the fruiting twigs.     

Variability in growth and nutrient accumulation in sorghum grown in waterlogged soils

Abstract

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a potential crop for use in lowland paddy soils following rice in the Philippines. Little is known about the variability in sorghum germplasm with respect to yield potential in these soils, or the alterations in mineral uptake which might occur if late season rains resulted in waterlogging. Eight sorghum cultivars including the most widely used Philippine cultivar were grown after rice under flooded or non‐flooded conditions. Flooding was initiated 30 days after seeding and terminated when most cultivars were at or near the boot growth stage. Flooding markedly reduced dry matter production, and delayed bloom date on the average of 5.5 days. Grain yield was reduced about 57% over all cultivars. Early maturing cultivars were not reduced in days to bloom as much as the late maturing types, and there was a significant cultivar x treatment interaction for both bloom date and grain yield. Later maturing cultivars outyielded the other cultivars at physiological maturity in both flooded and non‐flooded conditions. Concentrations of the major nutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were decreased in foliage at the boot stage due to flooding. The only nutrient to fall below published “critical” levels in leaf tissue, however, was N, and plants growing in these conditions showed classical N deficiency symptoms. Iron and Mn concentrations were significantly higher in foliage at the boot stage with flooding, but not high enough to be considered toxic. Most differences observed at boot still existed at maturity, but of less magnitude. Marked variability existed in the response among cultivars to waterlogging. It would appear that flooding tolerant genotypes could be selected which would improve existing cultivar choices for use in these difficult soils.     

不同施肥措施对植烟土壤酶活性和供肥能力的影响

通过田间小区试验,在等氮、磷、钾施用的条件下,研究不同施肥措施（不施肥、单施无机肥、牛粪与无机肥配施、施用有机无机复合肥）对提高烤烟生育期内植烟土壤酶活性和供肥能力的影响。结果表明,除牛粪配施化肥会降低土壤过氧化氢酶活性外,各施肥处理较不施肥处理均能增加烤烟生育期的土壤酶活性和供肥能力。施用有机无机复合肥效果最好,不仅能提高土壤酶活性和供肥能力,其脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、速效氮、速效磷变化规律与烤烟需肥规律相符;施化肥对土壤酶活性和供肥能力的提高主要表现在烤烟生育期的前期,而牛粪配施化肥对各项指标的提高作用出现在后期。相关分析表明,土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶活性可以反映土壤养分含量的变化,可作为评价土壤供肥能力的生物指标。     

土壤有机/无机胶体凝聚的光散射研究

有机/无机复合体是土壤中最重要的物质形态。本文在不同浓度的CaCl2作用下,对黄壤、胡敏酸、黄壤/胡敏酸混合胶体的凝聚动力学和凝聚体结构特征进行了研究,结果表明:黄壤、胡敏酸、黄壤/胡敏酸混合胶体的凝聚与否均强烈地依赖于体系电解质CaCl2浓度,其临界絮凝浓度(Critical flocculation con-centration,CFC)分别为1.38 mmol L-1、45 mmol L-1、15 mmol L-1。当CaCl2浓度高于CFC时,3种胶体的凝聚均表现为快速的扩散控制团簇凝聚(Diffusion limited cluster-cluster aggregation,DLCA)机制,形成分形维数分别为1.45、1.76、1.46的疏松凝聚体;当CaCl2浓度低于CFC时,3种胶体的凝聚过程对电解质浓度非常敏感,表现为慢速的反应控制团簇凝聚(Reaction limited cluster-cluster aggregation,RLCA)机制,形成分形维数高至1.58、1.86、1.56的相对紧实的凝聚体。凝聚速率越快,形成的凝聚体越疏松。在悬液中黄壤胶体自凝聚形成的结构很疏松,但是非常不稳定,而胡敏酸自凝聚体的结构非常稳定。胡敏酸的参与没有改变黄壤胶体凝聚体的结构性质,但显著促进所形成的凝聚体结构的稳定。     

热压凝胶法制备营养质构米及其营养性质研究

为弥补食用精白米导致营养不良的状况,以大米加工过程中产生的碎米作为原料和载体,产生的米糠作为天然营养强化剂,采取热压凝胶法制备营养质构米。在预试验的基础上,采用响应面法考察热压凝胶过程条件包括喂料含水率,螺杆转速,5个加热区机筒温度对营养质构米的质构和营养特性的影响,得出制备最佳工艺条件:当喂料转速为30r/min,米糠添加量为4%,物料含水率为30%,螺杆转速为17.7r/min,5个区机筒温度分别为50,65,85,100,95～97℃。在此条件下制备的营养质构米含有质量分数总膳食纤维11.44%,蛋白质11.62%,脂肪6.49%,而维生素为B12.07μg/g,维生素B20.31μg/g和γ-谷维素12.04mg/100g。相比于天然精白米,质构特性相近,但维生素B1,维生素B2,γ-谷维素分别增加了1.17,0.06,5.83μg/g,为营养质构米工业化生产提供参考。